عالم
Arabic
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Aramaic עָלְמָא / ܥܳܠܡܳܐ (ʿāləmā) or Hebrew עוֹלָם (ʿōlām), possibly from Akkadian 𒂖𒆷𒈬𒌋𒀀 (/ellamu, illamu/, “front, before; both temporally and in location; coming before your time or being currently physically before you now”).
The pattern فَاعَل (fāʕal) is considered originally foreign to Arabic and Ethiopic, occurring only in likely loanwords such as طَابَع (ṭābaʕ), خَاتَم (ḵātam), فَالَج (fālaj). It should be noted some of these loans are suspected to be early, such as خَاتَم (ḵātam) being present in Old Arabian Inscriptions and عَالَم (ʕālam) retaining the sound masculine plural ending in spite of being treated as a non-human plural; a feature that suggests it existed prior to the restriction of such a use exclusively for male humans; whereas one group renders a known Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "MIr." is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. suffix, as in طَابَق (ṭābaq) and سَاذَج (sāḏaj) the ending of which became Classical Persian ـه (-a). Nautically, even Dravidian borrowings with this measure like طَالَم (ṭālam) are possible early. Consequently due to its early appearance, the فَاعَل (fāʕal) pattern has since become a sparsely used coined pattern in its own right, typically however still being reserved for loanwords using the structure of these earlier loans as their basis; for example the later loan طَاقَم (ṭāqam).
Alternative forms
- عٰلَم (ʕālam)
Noun
عَالَم • (ʕālam) m (plural عَالَمُون (ʕālamūn) or عَوَالِم (ʕawālim))
- world
- universe, cosmos, existence
- things, creation, that which exists before you
- nation, people, group, type, or kind
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالَم ʕālam |
الْعَالَم al-ʕālam |
عَالَم ʕālam |
Nominative | عَالَمٌ ʕālamun |
الْعَالَمُ al-ʕālamu |
عَالَمُ ʕālamu |
Accusative | عَالَمًا ʕālaman |
الْعَالَمَ al-ʕālama |
عَالَمَ ʕālama |
Genitive | عَالَمٍ ʕālamin |
الْعَالَمِ al-ʕālami |
عَالَمِ ʕālami |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عَالَمَيْن ʕālamayn |
الْعَالَمَيْن al-ʕālamayn |
عَالَمَيْ ʕālamay |
Nominative | عَالَمَانِ ʕālamāni |
الْعَالَمَانِ al-ʕālamāni |
عَالَمَا ʕālamā |
Accusative | عَالَمَيْنِ ʕālamayni |
الْعَالَمَيْنِ al-ʕālamayni |
عَالَمَيْ ʕālamay |
Genitive | عَالَمَيْنِ ʕālamayni |
الْعَالَمَيْنِ al-ʕālamayni |
عَالَمَيْ ʕālamay |
Plural | sound masculine plural; basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالَمِين; عَوَالِم ʕālamīn; ʕawālim |
الْعَالَمِين; الْعَوَالِم al-ʕālamīn; al-ʕawālim |
عَالَمِي; عَوَالِم ʕālamī; ʕawālim |
Nominative | عَالَمُونَ; عَوَالِمُ ʕālamūna; ʕawālimu |
الْعَالَمُونَ; الْعَوَالِمُ al-ʕālamūna; al-ʕawālimu |
عَالَمُو; عَوَالِمُ ʕālamū; ʕawālimu |
Accusative | عَالَمِينَ; عَوَالِمَ ʕālamīna; ʕawālima |
الْعَالَمِينَ; الْعَوَالِمَ al-ʕālamīna; al-ʕawālima |
عَالَمِي; عَوَالِمَ ʕālamī; ʕawālima |
Genitive | عَالَمِينَ; عَوَالِمَ ʕālamīna; ʕawālima |
الْعَالَمِينَ; الْعَوَالِمِ al-ʕālamīna; al-ʕawālimi |
عَالَمِي; عَوَالِمِ ʕālamī; ʕawālimi |
Descendants
- → Azerbaijani: aləm
- → Bashkir: ғәләм (ğələm)
- → Indonesian: alam
- → Kyrgyz: аалам (aalam)
- → Malay: alam
- → Middle Armenian: ալամ (alam)
- Armenian: ալամ (alam)
- → Ottoman Turkish: عالم (alem)
- Turkish: alem
- → Persian: عالم ('âlam)
- → Urdu: عالم (ālam)
Etymology 2
Derived from the active participle of the verb عَلِمَ (ʕalima, “to know”), from the root ع ل م (ʕ-l-m).
Noun
عَالِم • (ʕālim) m (plural عَالِمُون (ʕālimūn) or عُلَمَاء (ʕulamāʔ), feminine عَالِمَة (ʕālima))
Declension
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic singular triptote | singular triptote in ـَة (-a) | |||||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالِم ʕālim |
الْعَالِم al-ʕālim |
عَالِم ʕālim |
عَالِمَة ʕālima |
الْعَالِمَة al-ʕālima |
عَالِمَة ʕālimat |
Nominative | عَالِمٌ ʕālimun |
الْعَالِمُ al-ʕālimu |
عَالِمُ ʕālimu |
عَالِمَةٌ ʕālimatun |
الْعَالِمَةُ al-ʕālimatu |
عَالِمَةُ ʕālimatu |
Accusative | عَالِمًا ʕāliman |
الْعَالِمَ al-ʕālima |
عَالِمَ ʕālima |
عَالِمَةً ʕālimatan |
الْعَالِمَةَ al-ʕālimata |
عَالِمَةَ ʕālimata |
Genitive | عَالِمٍ ʕālimin |
الْعَالِمِ al-ʕālimi |
عَالِمِ ʕālimi |
عَالِمَةٍ ʕālimatin |
الْعَالِمَةِ al-ʕālimati |
عَالِمَةِ ʕālimati |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالِمَيْن ʕālimayn |
الْعَالِمَيْن al-ʕālimayn |
عَالِمَيْ ʕālimay |
عَالِمَتَيْن ʕālimatayn |
الْعَالِمَتَيْن al-ʕālimatayn |
عَالِمَتَيْ ʕālimatay |
Nominative | عَالِمَانِ ʕālimāni |
الْعَالِمَانِ al-ʕālimāni |
عَالِمَا ʕālimā |
عَالِمَتَانِ ʕālimatāni |
الْعَالِمَتَانِ al-ʕālimatāni |
عَالِمَتَا ʕālimatā |
Accusative | عَالِمَيْنِ ʕālimayni |
الْعَالِمَيْنِ al-ʕālimayni |
عَالِمَيْ ʕālimay |
عَالِمَتَيْنِ ʕālimatayni |
الْعَالِمَتَيْنِ al-ʕālimatayni |
عَالِمَتَيْ ʕālimatay |
Genitive | عَالِمَيْنِ ʕālimayni |
الْعَالِمَيْنِ al-ʕālimayni |
عَالِمَيْ ʕālimay |
عَالِمَتَيْنِ ʕālimatayni |
الْعَالِمَتَيْنِ al-ʕālimatayni |
عَالِمَتَيْ ʕālimatay |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | ||||
sound masculine plural; basic broken plural diptote | sound feminine plural | |||||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالِمِين; عُلَمَاء ʕālimīn; ʕulamāʔ |
الْعَالِمِين; الْعُلَمَاء al-ʕālimīn; al-ʕulamāʔ |
عَالِمِي; عُلَمَاء ʕālimī; ʕulamāʔ |
عَالِمَات ʕālimāt |
الْعَالِمَات al-ʕālimāt |
عَالِمَات ʕālimāt |
Nominative | عَالِمُونَ; عُلَمَاءُ ʕālimūna; ʕulamāʔu |
الْعَالِمُونَ; الْعُلَمَاءُ al-ʕālimūna; al-ʕulamāʔu |
عَالِمُو; عُلَمَاءُ ʕālimū; ʕulamāʔu |
عَالِمَاتٌ ʕālimātun |
الْعَالِمَاتُ al-ʕālimātu |
عَالِمَاتُ ʕālimātu |
Accusative | عَالِمِينَ; عُلَمَاءَ ʕālimīna; ʕulamāʔa |
الْعَالِمِينَ; الْعُلَمَاءَ al-ʕālimīna; al-ʕulamāʔa |
عَالِمِي; عُلَمَاءَ ʕālimī; ʕulamāʔa |
عَالِمَاتٍ ʕālimātin |
الْعَالِمَاتِ al-ʕālimāti |
عَالِمَاتِ ʕālimāti |
Genitive | عَالِمِينَ; عُلَمَاءَ ʕālimīna; ʕulamāʔa |
الْعَالِمِينَ; الْعُلَمَاءِ al-ʕālimīna; al-ʕulamāʔi |
عَالِمِي; عُلَمَاءِ ʕālimī; ʕulamāʔi |
عَالِمَاتٍ ʕālimātin |
الْعَالِمَاتِ al-ʕālimāti |
عَالِمَاتِ ʕālimāti |
Descendants
- → Azerbaijani: alim
- → Persian: عالم ('âlem)
- → Ottoman Turkish: عالم (alim)
- Turkish: alem
- → Urdu: عالم (ālim)
References
- “ˁlm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Fischer, Wolfdietrich (2006) Grammatik des Klassischen Arabisch (in German), 4th edition, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, § 62 Anm. 5, page 36
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis[1] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 17
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis[2] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 21
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 208–209
- Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik[3] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 112
Ottoman Turkish
Etymology 1
Noun
عالم • (alem) (plural عالمون (alemun), and عوالم (ewalim))
Descendants
- Turkish: alem
Etymology 2
Noun
عالم • (alim) (plural علما (ulema), and علام (ullam))
- learned man, scholar, man of letters
- particularly, a member of a certain class of men with a state-sponsored tenure, as distinguished from a mufti, being part of the askeri class, alim [since Mehmed II]
Descendants
- Turkish: alim
Further reading
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “عالم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[4], Vienna, columns 3196–3197
- Ottoman imperial Sunni ulama on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Die Ulamā im Osmanischen Reich on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia de
Persian
Etymology 1
Noun
Dari | عالم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | олам |
عالم • ('âlam)
Etymology 2
Adjective
Dari | عالم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | олим |
عالم • ('âlem)
Related terms
- علم ('elm)
Urdu
Etymology 1
Noun
عالم • ('ālam) m (Hindi spelling आलम)
Etymology 2
Adjective
عالم • ('ālim) (Hindi spelling आलिम)
Noun
عالم • ('ālim) m (Hindi spelling आलिम)
Related terms
- علم ('ilm)
- Arabic terms borrowed from Aramaic
- Arabic terms derived from Aramaic
- Arabic terms borrowed from Hebrew
- Arabic terms derived from Hebrew
- Arabic terms derived from Akkadian
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with sound masculine plural
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic diptote broken plural
- Arabic participles
- Arabic active participles
- Arabic terms derived from active participles
- Arabic terms belonging to the root ع ل م
- Arabic nouns with triptote singular in -a
- Arabic nouns with sound feminine plural
- ar:Occupations
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- Persian terms borrowed from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Arabic
- ota:Occupations
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- Persian adjectives
- fa:Occupations
- Urdu terms derived from Arabic
- Urdu lemmas
- Urdu nouns
- Urdu masculine nouns
- Urdu adjectives
- ur:Occupations