से

See also: म, स, स़, सु-, and स-

Ahirani

Etymology

Compare Gujarati છે (che).

Verb

से (se)

1. third-person singular present of होवानं (hovāna, “to be”)

References

• Template:R:ahr:RSS

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Bodo (India)

Numeral

से (se) (Latin script se)

1. one

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Hindi

Etymology

Uncertain. Several etymologies are proposed and a merger of some or all of them is likely.

• From Sanskrit समम् (samam, “together; similarly, as”), from सम (samá, “same”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *samás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”). Compare Braj सौं (sa͠u, “to, with”).
• From Sanskrit सङ्गे (saṅge), locative of सङ्ग (saṅgá, “contact; battle”). Doublet of संग (saṅg).
• From , , from Sanskrit सहित (sahita, “with”), from स- (sa-, “with”) +‎ हित (hita, “placed”).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /seː/

Postposition

से • (se) (Urdu spelling سے)

1. indicates association or mutual dealing: by; with; to

   (deprecated template usage)

   वह रोज़ अपने पड़ोसी से लड़ता है।

   vah roz apne paṛosī se laṛtā hai.

   He fights with his neighbor every day.

   (deprecated template usage) मैंने अपनी माँ से पूछा। ― ma͠ine apnī mā̃ se pūchā. ― I asked my mother.

2. indicates a sense of removal or going: from
   1. indicates exiting or separation

      (deprecated template usage)

      वह घर से निकलके डाक-घर चला।

      vah ghar se nikalke ḍāk-ghar calā.

      He left from the house and went to the post office.

   2. indicates source, cause, reason

      (deprecated template usage)

      यह तलवार दो सदियों पहले लोहे से बनाया गया था।

      yah talvār do sadiyõ pahle lohe se banāyā gayā thā.

      This sword was made from iron two centuries ago.

      (deprecated template usage)

      वह परेशानी से रोने लगा।

      vah pareśānī se rone lagā.

      He started to cry from anxiety.

   3. indicates origin, beginning

      (deprecated template usage) मैं चेन्नई से आया हूँ। ― ma͠i cennaī se āyā hū̃. ― I've come here from Chennai.

      (deprecated template usage) यहाँ से वहाँ तक ― yahā̃ se vahā̃ tak ― from here to there

      (deprecated template usage) कल से ― kal se ― since yesterday

3. comparative postposition: than

   (deprecated template usage) मैं उससे होशियार हूँ। ― ma͠i usse hośiyār hū̃. ― I'm smarter than him.

   (deprecated template usage)

   केला इससे मीठा होना चाहिए।

   kelā isse mīṭhā honā cāhie.

   Bananas should be sweeter than this.

4. indicates passage of time

   (deprecated template usage)

   मम्मा देर से यहाँ बैठी हुई है।

   mammā der se yahā̃ baiṭhī huī hai.

   Mom has been sitting here for a while.

5. indicates means or agency

   (deprecated template usage)

   चाकू से प्याज़ काटो और फिर कटोरी में डलो।

   cākū se pyāz kāṭo aur phir kaṭorī mẽ ḍalo.

   Cut some onions using the knife and then put them in the bowl.

   (deprecated template usage)

   इस कपड़े को पानी से धोना होगा।

   is kapṛe ko pānī se dhonā hogā.

   This cloth will have to be washed with water.

6. indicates manner of doing; forms adverbs

   (deprecated template usage)

   ध्यान से सुनो।

   dhyān se suno.

   Listen carefully.

   (literally, “Listen with attention.”)

   (deprecated template usage)

   मैं बहुत मुश्किल से परीक्षा/इम्तहान पास हुआ।

   ma͠i bahut muśkil se parīkṣā/imtahān pās huā.

   I passed the exam with great difficulty.

   (deprecated template usage) ग़लती से ― ġaltī se ― accidentally

Usage notes

• से is usually described as the instrumental-case postposition.
• When used with pronouns, it is suffixed to the oblique-case form of pronoun:

  ‎मैं (ma͠i) + ‎से (se) → ‎मुझसे (mujhse)

Further reading

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “से”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Omkar N. Koul (2008) Modern Hindi Grammar, Dunwoody Press, →ISBN
• Platts, John T. (1884) “से”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.