咎

Translingual

Han character

咎 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹人口 (HOR) or 竹卜口 (HYR), four-corner 2860₄, composition ⿱⿺夂卜口 (G) or ⿱⿺夂人口 (TJK))

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3493
• Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 607, character 6
• Unihan data for U+548E

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Chinese

trad.		咎
simp. #		咎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咎
Shang		Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (咎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
咎	*kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ
鼛	*kɯːw
櫜	*kɯːw
倃	*kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ
綹	*ɡ·rɯwʔ
麔	*ɡɯwʔ
晷	*kʷrɯwʔ
厬	*kʷrɯwʔ

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夂 + 人, with 口 later added.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiù (jiu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiǔ / kiū

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
    • Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
    • Yale: jyòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gau³
    • Yale: gau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: geo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiǔ
    • Tâi-lô: kiǔ
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiū
    • Tâi-lô: kiū
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiu
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiu³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu²²/

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• Middle Chinese: kaw, gjuwX

Rime
Character	咎	咎
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古勞切	其九切
Baxter	kaw	gjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu/	/ɡɨuX/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu/	/ɡiuX/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu/	/ɡiəuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw/	/guwX/
Li Rong	/kɑu/	/ɡiuX/
Wang Li	/kɑu/	/ɡĭəuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑu/	/gi̯ə̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāo	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gou1	gau6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːw/, /*ɡɯwʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咎
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiù
Middle Chinese	‹ gjuwX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ](r)uʔ/
English	fault, blame (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咎	咎
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6983	6988
Phonetic component	咎	咎
Rime group	幽	幽
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	髙	舅
Old Chinese	/*kɯːw/	/*ɡɯwʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 咎

1. fault; defect; error; mistake

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Japanese

Kanji

咎

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

• On (unclassified): きゅう (kyū); こう (kō)
• Kun: とが (toga, 咎); とがめる (togameru, 咎める)

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Korean

Hanja

咎 • (gu, go) (hangeul 구, 고, revised gu, go, McCune–Reischauer ku, ko)

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Vietnamese

Han character

咎: Hán Việt readings: cữu

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