居る

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
居
い
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

/wiru/ → /iru/

From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki, completed around 720 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "居る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		居る いる [ìrú]
Imperative (命令形) 居ろ いろ [ìró]
Key constructions
Passive 居られる いられる [ìrárérú]
Causative 居させる いさせる [ìsásérú]
Potential 居られる いられる [ìrárérú]
Volitional 居よう いよー [ìyóꜜò]
Negative 居ない いない [ìnáí]
Negative perfective 居なかった いなかった [ìnáꜜkàttà]
Formal 居ます います [ìmáꜜsù]
Perfective 居た いた [ìtá]
Conjunctive 居て いて [ìté]
Hypothetical conditional 居れば いれば [ìréꜜbà]

Verb

居(い)る • (iru) ←ゐる (wiru)?intransitive ichidan (stem 居(い) (i), past 居(い)た (ita))

  1. (of animate objects) to exist, to be
    鈴(すず)木(き)ですが、田(た)中(なか)さんいますか？
    Suzuki desu ga, Tanaka-san imasu ka?
    This is Suzuki calling; may I speak to Tanaka?
    (literally, “[This] is Suzuki; is Tanaka present?”)
    あなたがいないと何(なに)もできない
    anata ga inai to nani mo dekinai
    I can't do anything if you aren't here/there
    君(きみ)がいた夏(なつ)
    kimi ga ita natsu
    the summer you were there [with me; by my side]
    君(きみ)といた夏(なつ)
    kimi to ita natsu
    the summer [I] was with you
  2. (of animate objects) to have
    彼(かれ)氏(し)いますか？
    Kareshi imasu ka?
    Do you have a boyfriend?
  3. (after a verb in the て conjunctive form) to be (doing); indicates a progressive or continuous sense; See ている
    朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べていますか？
    Asagohan o tabete imasu ka?
    Are you eating breakfast?
  4. (Classical Japanese) to sit
    • c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
      それを見(み)れば、三(さん)寸(すん)ばかりなる人(ひと)いと美(うつく)しうて居(ゐ)たり。
      Sore wo mireba, sansun bakari naru fito ito utukusiute witari (Classical pronunciation)
      Sore o mireba, sansun bakari naru hito ito utsukushūte itari. (modern pronunciation)
      When he looked at it, there sat a very lovely human being about three sun long.
Usage notes
Conjugation
Conjugation of "居る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 居 い i
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 居 い i
Shūshikei ("terminal") 居る いる iru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 居る いる iru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 居れ いれ ire
Meireikei ("imperative") 居よ¹
居ろ² 		いよ¹
いろ² 		iyo¹
iro²
Key constructions
Passive 居られる いられる irareru
Causative 居させる
居さす 		いさせる
いさす 		isaseru
isasu
Potential 居られる
居れる³ 		いられる
いれる³ 		irareru
ireru³
Volitional 居よう いよう iyō
Negative 居ない
居ぬ
居ん 		いない
いぬ
いん 		inai
inu
in
Negative continuative 居ず いず izu
Formal 居ます います imasu
Perfective 居た いた ita
Conjunctive 居て いて ite
Hypothetical conditional 居れば いれば ireba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Classical conjugation of "居る" (ワ行上一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 居 ゐ wi
Continuative (連用形) 居 ゐ wi
Terminal (終止形) 居る ゐる wiru
Attributive (連体形) 居る ゐる wiru
Realis (已然形) 居れ ゐれ wire
Imperative (命令形) 居よ ゐよ wiyo
Key constructions
Negative 居ず ゐず wizu
Contrasting conjunction 居れど ゐれど wiredo
Causal conjunction 居れば ゐれば wireba
Conditional conjunction 居ば ゐば wiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 居き ゐき wiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 居けり ゐけり wikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 居つ ゐつ witu
Perfect tense (natural event) 居ぬ ゐぬ winu
Perfect-continuative tense 居たり ゐたり witari
Volitional 居む ゐむ wimu
Synonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
居
お
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

/woru/ → /oru/

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[2]

Listed in some sources[1][3] as derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) wi of verb wiru (see above) + ある (aru). The conjugation paradigm for woru is indeed the same as aru for Classical and Old Japanese. However, the compounded wiaru form would ordinarily become yaru or eru via historical phonetic change, and the vowel shift to /o/ is unexplainable in this hypothesis.

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 89: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "居る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		居る おる [óꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 居れ おれ [óꜜrè]
Key constructions
Passive 居られる おられる [òráréꜜrù]
Causative 居らせる おらせる [òráséꜜrù]
Potential 居れる おれる [òréꜜrù]
Volitional 居ろう おろー [òróꜜò]
Negative 居らない おらない [òráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 居らなかった おらなかった [òráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 居ります おります [òrímáꜜsù]
Perfective 居った おった [óꜜttà]
Conjunctive 居って おって [óꜜttè]
Hypothetical conditional 居れば おれば [óꜜrèbà]

Verb

居(お)る • (oru) ←をる (woru)?intransitive godan (stem 居(お)り (ori), past 居(お)った (otta))

  1. (of animate objects) to exist, to be, to have
    • むかしあるところに一人(ひとり)の欲(よく)ばりの坊(ぼう)さんがおりました。[1]
      Mukashi aru tokoro ni hitori no yokubari no bōsan ga orimashita.
      Once upon a time, there was a grasping priest somewhere.
  2. (after a verb in the て conjunctive form) to be (doing): indicates a progressive or continuous sense; the verb ending -ておる (-te oru) is often contracted to とる (-toru)
    • ぼくは眼(め)をほそめて海(うみ)を見(み)ておった[2]
      Boku wa me o hosomete umi o miteotta
      I was staring at the sea with a squinted eye
  3. (Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū, after a verb in the conjunctive form) to be (doing); a continuous sense; often transformed to よる (yoru)
    • 毎朝(まいあさ)、私(わたし)、観音様(かんのんさま)にお願(がん)を掛(か)けよるんじゃものきっと通(とお)るわ。[3]
      Maiasa, watashi, Kannon-sama ni o-gan o kakeyoru n ja mono kitto tōru wa.
      Since I am making a wish to Kannon every morning, he will certainly pass his exams.
Usage notes
  • A variation of いる (iru) used mainly in western Japan.
  • In standard Japanese, it is usually used in humble language (謙譲語) or polite language (丁寧語) as おります form or in certain archaic/literary expressions.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "居る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 居ら おら ora
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 居り おり ori
Shūshikei ("terminal") 居る おる oru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 居る おる oru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 居れ おれ ore
Meireikei ("imperative") 居れ おれ ore
Key constructions
Passive 居られる おられる orareru
Causative 居らせる
居らす 		おらせる
おらす 		oraseru
orasu
Potential 居れる おれる oreru
Volitional 居ろう おろう orō
Negative 居らない おらない oranai
Negative continuative 居らず おらず orazu
Formal 居ります おります orimasu
Perfective 居った おった otta
Conjunctive 居って おって otte
Hypothetical conditional 居れば おれば oreba
Classical conjugation of "居り" (ラ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 居ら をら wora
Continuative (連用形) 居り をり wori
Terminal (終止形) 居り をり wori
Attributive (連体形) 居る をる woru
Realis (已然形) 居れ をれ wore
Imperative (命令形) 居れ をれ wore
Key constructions
Negative 居らず をらず worazu
Contrasting conjunction 居れど をれど woredo
Causal conjunction 居れば をれば woreba
Conditional conjunction 居らば をらば woraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 居りき をりき woriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 居りけり をりけり worikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 居りつ をりつ woritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 居りぬ をりぬ worinu
Perfect-continuative tense 居りたり[1] をりたり woritari
Volitional 居らむ をらむ woramu
[1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 886:
    , text here
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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