表す
Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
表 |
あらわ Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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表わす 現わす 現す 顕わす 顕す |
Derived as the verb form of adjective 露 (arawa, “naked, bare; open, revealed”), as a compound of 露 (arawa) + す (-su, causativizing suffix; root of modern する (suru, “to do; to make something do”)), with an original meaning of “to make something open and public, to make something apparent”.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "表す"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
表す | あらわす | [àráwáꜜsù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | あらわせ | [àráwáꜜsè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 表される | あらわされる | [àráwásáréꜜrù] |
Causative | 表させる | あらわさせる | [àráwásáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 表せる | あらわせる | [àráwáséꜜrù] |
Volitional | 表そう | あらわそー | [àráwásóꜜò] |
Negative | 表さない | あらわさない | [àráwásáꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 表さなかった | あらわさなかった | [àráwásáꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 表します | あらわします | [àráwáshímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 表した | あらわした | [àráwáꜜshìtà] |
Conjunctive | 表して | あらわして | [àráwáꜜshìtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | あらわせば | [àráwáꜜsèbà] |
Verb
[edit]Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 表す |
mediopassive | 表れる |
表す • (arawasu) ←あらはす (arafasu)?transitive godan (stem 表し (arawashi), past 表した (arawashita))
- to show, to make apparent
- to express, to put into words
- to signify, to represent, to symbolize, to stand for
Usage notes
[edit]This verb can be spelled many different ways. The spellings with the kana わ might be preferred for avoiding ambiguous readings. In general, which kanji to use depends on which sense one wishes to emphasize:[4]
- 表 has connotations of front and surface, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to expressing something in words or symbols.
- 現 has connotations of real and realize, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to making something that was previously hidden now visible.
- 顕 has connotations of apparent and manifest, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to making something widely known or publicizing.
Conjugation
[edit]Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 表さ | あらわさ | arawasa |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 表し | あらわし | arawashi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 表す | あらわす | arawasu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 表す | あらわす | arawasu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 表せ | あらわせ | arawase |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 表せ | あらわせ | arawase |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 表される | あらわされる | arawasareru |
Causative | 表させる 表さす |
あらわさせる あらわさす |
arawasaseru arawasasu |
Potential | 表せる | あらわせる | arawaseru |
Volitional | 表そう | あらわそう | arawasō |
Negative | 表さない | あらわさない | arawasanai |
Negative continuative | 表さず | あらわさず | arawasazu |
Formal | 表します | あらわします | arawashimasu |
Perfective | 表した | あらわした | arawashita |
Conjunctive | 表して | あらわして | arawashite |
Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | あらわせば | arawaseba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 表さ | あらはさ | arafasa |
Continuative (連用形) | 表し | あらはし | arafasi |
Terminal (終止形) | 表す | あらはす | arafasu |
Attributive (連体形) | 表す | あらはす | arafasu |
Realis (已然形) | 表せ | あらはせ | arafase |
Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | あらはせ | arafase |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 表さず | あらはさず | arafasazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 表せど | あらはせど | arafasedo |
Causal conjunction | 表せば | あらはせば | arafaseba |
Conditional conjunction | 表さば | あらはさば | arafasaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 表しき | あらはしき | arafasiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 表しけり | あらはしけり | arafasikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 表しつ | あらはしつ | arafasitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 表しぬ | あらはしぬ | arafasinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 表せり 表したり |
あらはせり あらはしたり |
arafaseri arafasitari |
Volitional | 表さむ | あらはさむ | arafasamu |
See also
[edit]- 著わす, 著す (arawasu): of the same original meaning of to make something public, but now limited to meaning to publish
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
表 |
ひょう Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Derived from Middle Chinese 表 (MC pjiewX), as a compound of 表 (hyō) + す (-su, causativizing / transitivizing suffix; root of modern する (suru), “to do; to make something do”).[5]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]表す • (hyōsu) ←へうす (feusu)?transitive godan (stem 表し (hyōshi), past 表した (hyōshita))
Usage notes
[edit]- This is an archaic form. The modern form is 表する (hyōsuru).
Conjugation
[edit]Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 表さ | ひょうさ | hyōsa |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 表し | ひょうし | hyōshi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 表す | ひょうす | hyōsu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 表す | ひょうす | hyōsu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 表せ | ひょうせ | hyōse |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 表せ | ひょうせ | hyōse |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 表される | ひょうされる | hyōsareru |
Causative | 表させる 表さす |
ひょうさせる ひょうさす |
hyōsaseru hyōsasu |
Potential | 表せる | ひょうせる | hyōseru |
Volitional | 表そう | ひょうそう | hyōsō |
Negative | 表さない | ひょうさない | hyōsanai |
Negative continuative | 表さず | ひょうさず | hyōsazu |
Formal | 表します | ひょうします | hyōshimasu |
Perfective | 表した | ひょうした | hyōshita |
Conjunctive | 表して | ひょうして | hyōshite |
Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | ひょうせば | hyōseba |
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “あらわ・す[あらはす] 【表・現・顕・著】
”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ “現す”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ “表”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- Japanese terms spelled with 表 read as あらわ
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