謙

See also: 谦

Translingual

Han character

謙 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿難金 (YRTXC), four-corner 0863₇, composition ⿰言兼)

Derived characters

• 𡄫

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1175, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
• Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
• Unihan data for U+8B19

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Chinese

trad.		謙
simp.		谦
alternative forms		⿰讠千 second round simplified

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 謙
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
譧	*r'eːms
賺	*r'eːms
尲	*kreːm
鹻	*kreːmʔ
歉	*kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏	*kʰreːmʔ
鰜	*ɡreːm, *keːm
稴	*ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉	*ɡ·rem
鎌	*ɡ·rem
鬑	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮	*ɡ·rem
簾	*ɡ·rem
薕	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊	*ɡ·rem
嬚	*ɡ·remʔ
溓	*ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰	*kʰremʔ
隒	*ŋɡremʔ
熑	*ɡ·reːm
濂	*ɡ·reːm
燫	*ɡ·reːm
兼	*keːm, *keːms
縑	*keːm
鶼	*keːm
蒹	*keːm
搛	*keːm
謙	*kʰeːm
膁	*kʰeːmʔ
嗛	*kʰeːmʔ
慊	*kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔	*kʰeːms
馦	*qʰeːm
嫌	*ɡeːm
鼸	*ɡeːmʔ
尷	*kreːm

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiān (qian¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): him¹
• Northern Min (KCR): gíng / kíng
• Eastern Min (BUC): kiĕng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khiam

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kiam¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cian
    • Wade–Giles: chʻien¹
    • Yale: chyān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
    • Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: him¹
    • Yale: hīm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: him¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: him¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiːm⁵⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng / kíng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/, /kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kiĕng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰieŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam
    • Tâi-lô: khiam
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiafm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kiam¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiam
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiam³³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 謙
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰian²¹/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiam⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/kʰiɑm²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/him⁵³/
	Nanning	/him⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/him⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰiam⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kiŋ⁵⁴/ /kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰiam³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xiam²³/

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• Middle Chinese: khem

Rime
Character	謙
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	添 (157)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	苦兼切
Baxter	khem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰem/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰem/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɛm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɛm/
Li Rong	/kʰem/
Wang Li	/kʰiem/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰiem/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	him1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-r̥ˤem/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰeːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	謙
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiān
Middle Chinese	‹ khem ›
Old Chinese	/*k-r̥ˁem/
English	modest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	謙
Reading #	1/1
No.	6070
Phonetic component	兼
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	謙
Old Chinese	/*kʰeːm/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 謙

1. humble; modest
2. 15th hexagram of the I Ching

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Japanese

Kanji

謙

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. humble; modest

Readings

• On (unclassified): けん (ken, Jōyō)
• Kun: へりくだる (herikudaru, 謙る)

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Korean

Hanja

謙 • (gyeom) (hangeul 겸, revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.