近

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

近 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 3230₂, composition ⿺辶斤)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
• Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
• Unihan data for U+8FD1

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Chinese

trad.		近
simp. #		近
alternative forms		𣥍

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 近
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (斤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蘄	*ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn
祈	*ɡɯl
頎	*ɡɯl
旂	*ɡɯl
圻	*ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn
蚚	*ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls
岓	*ɡɯl
玂	*ɡɯl
沂	*ŋɡɯl
掀	*qʰan
釿	*ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn
齗	*ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn
听	*ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ
垽	*ŋrɯns, *qɯns
斤	*kɯn, *kɯns
菦	*kɯnʔ
靳	*kɯns
劤	*kɯns
勁	*kɯns, *keŋs
赾	*kʰɯnʔ
芹	*ɡɯn
近	*ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns
斦	*ŋɡɯn
欣	*qʰɯn
忻	*qʰɯn
昕	*qʰɯn
訢	*qʰɯn
炘	*qʰɯn, *qʰɯns
邤	*qʰɯn
庍	*qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs
焮	*qʰɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jìn (jin⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kan⁵ / gan⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiun / khiûn
• Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄ing
• Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kūn / kǔn / kīn / kīrn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): geng⁶

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶jin

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jìn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
    • Wade–Giles: chin⁴
    • Yale: jìn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
    • Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kan⁵ / gan⁶
    • Yale: káhn / gahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kan⁵ / gan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ken⁵ / gen⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐn¹³/, /kɐn²²/

Note:

• kan5 - vernacular;
• gan6 - literary.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiun / khiûn
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiun / kiun´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiun⁴ / kiun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯un⁵⁵/, /kʰi̯un²⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄ing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyiŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /køyŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kūn
    • Tâi-lô: kūn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kun
    • IPA (Taipei): /kun³³/
    • IPA (Lukang): /kun³¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /kun²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǔn
    • Tâi-lô: kǔn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kun²²/
    • IPA (Lukang): /kun³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung, Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kīn
    • Tâi-lô: kīn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kin
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kin³³/
    • IPA (Penang): /kin²¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin²²/
  • (Hokkien: Sanxia)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kīrn
    • Tâi-lô: kīrn
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: geng⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ̆ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɯŋ³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶jin
    • MiniDict: jin^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³jjin
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑin²³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 近
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕin⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕin⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕin⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiə̃⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕin³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕĩn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕin³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕin¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕin²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕĩ¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕin⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕiŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/d͡ʑin³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑin¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑaŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰiʌ̃³⁵/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕin¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/d͡ʑin²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰin²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiun⁴⁴/ 好～ /kʰiun⁵³/ ～來
	Taoyuan	/kʰuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kɐn²²/
	Nanning	/kʰɐn²⁴/ /kɐn²²/
	Hong Kong	/kɐn²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kun²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/køyŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kyiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kɯŋ³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kin³³/

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• Middle Chinese: gj+nX, gj+nH

Rime
Character	近	近
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	欣 (57)	欣 (57)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	其謹切	巨靳切
Baxter	gj+nX	gj+nH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨnX/	/ɡɨnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡɨnX/	/ɡɨnH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiənX/	/ɡiənH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨnX/	/gɨnH/
Li Rong	/ɡiənX/	/ɡiənH/
Wang Li	/ɡĭənX/	/ɡĭənH/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ənX/	/gi̯ənH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jìn	jìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gan6	gan6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kərʔ/, /*s-N-kərʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯnʔ/, /*ɡɯns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	近	近
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jìn	jìn
Middle Chinese	‹ gjɨnX ›	‹ gjɨnH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kərʔ/	/*s-N-kərʔ-s/
English	near	be near to (v.t.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	近	近
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6659	6660
Phonetic component	斤	斤
Rime group	文	文
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	近	近
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯnʔ/	/*ɡɯns/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 近

1. near, close

   Template:zh-ant

2. intimate
3. approximately
4. to approach
5. (dialectal) to make a profit; to earn

Further reading

• “Entry #4504”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

近

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. near, close

Readings

• Go-on: ごん (gon)
• Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: こん (kon)
• Kun: ちかい (chikai, 近い, Jōyō)

Proper noun

近(こん) or 近(proper) • (kon or proper) [[Category:Japanese
|こん]]

1. a surname

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Korean

Hanja

近 (eum 근 (geun))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

近: Hán Nôm readings: cận, cặn, gàn, gần

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.