Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ker-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

*(s)ker-

2. to cut off

Extensions

• *ker-p-
• *(s)ker-t-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: scortum, cortex, cēna
• *(s)k(e)r-e-b-
  • Proto-Germanic: *skrapōną, *skrepaną,
    • English: scrap, scrape
  • Italic: *skrobeis
    • Latin: scrobis
  • Proto-Slavic: *xorbrъ
• *(s)kór-b-os
  • Proto-Germanic: *skarpaz (“sharp”) (see there for further descendants)
• *(s)k(e)r-ey-bʰ- (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: σκάριφος (skáriphos)
  • Italic: *skreiβō
    • Latin: scrībō
• *(s)kr-ew-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: scrūta
• *(s)kr-ew-p-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: scrūpus
• (s)kér-mn̥ ~ (s)kr̥-mén-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

• *sker- (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skeraną (see there for further descendants)
• *ker-ye- (ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō
    • Ancient Greek: κείρω (keírō)
• *(s)kor-os
  • Proto-Germanic: *skaraz
    • Old English: scear
      • English: share
    • Old High German: skar
      • German: Schar
• *(s)kr̥-tós
  • Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kortos
    • Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)
• *skēr-is
  • Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)
• *(s)kor-yo-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: corium
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian: shqerr, çjerr, çars, harr, thërras
  • Armenian
    • Old Armenian: քերեմ (kʻerem), քերծեմ (kʻercem), քերթեմ (kʻertʻem), քորեմ (kʻorem)
  • Proto-Celtic: *skara-
    • Old Irish: scaraid
      • Irish: scar
      • Scottish Gaelic: sgar
    • Welsh: ysgar
  • Proto-Germanic: *skirmiz
  • Proto-Germanic: *skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skuraz
    • Old Norse: skor
      • → English: score
  • Proto-Germanic: *skuriz
    • Old Dutch: *skuri
      • Middle Dutch: schore, schuere
        • Dutch: scheur
  • Italic:
    • Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)
  • Lithuanian: skìrti
  • Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *kṛъtъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)
  • Sanskrit: कर्तति (kartati, “cut”)
  • Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇátti, “cut”)
  • Sanskrit: कृन्तते (kṛntáte, “cut”)
  • Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)
  • Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “knife, dagger”)
  • Serbo-Croatian: škare

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 938

Root 2

*(s)ker-

2. to turn, bend

Derived terms

• *(s)kr̥-tós
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κυρτός (kurtós)
• *(s)kr̥-wós
  • Proto-Italic: *korwos
    • Latin: curvus
• *(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)
  • Proto-Italic: *karkros, *kankros
    • Latin: carcer, cancer
• *(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)
  • Proto-Italic: *korteinā
    • Latin: cortīna
• *(s)ker-ew- (extended)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κορωνός (korōnós), κορώνη (korṓnē)
• *(s)ker-k- (extended)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos)
  • Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)
• *(s)kor-os
  • Proto-Celtic: *koros
    • Old Irish: cor
      • ⇒ Old Irish: fo·ceird, fo·ceirt, ·cuirethar
        • Middle Irish: cuirid
          • Irish: cuir
          • Manx: cur, cuirr
          • Scottish Gaelic: cuir
• *(s)kre-i- (extended)
  • Proto-Italic: *skreiniom
    • Latin: scrīnium
• *(s)kre-i-s- (extended)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: crīnis, crista, crispus
• *(s)kre-u-k- (extended)
  • Proto-Italic: *kruks
    • Latin: crux
• *(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)
  • Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)
  • Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)

See also

• *(s)kel-
• *(s)kelH-

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 935