喪
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]喪 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土口口女 (GRRV), four-corner 40732, composition ⿱⿻土吅⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿻土吅𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 200, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3985
- Dae Jaweon: page 421, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 650, character 3
- Unihan data for U+55AA
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 喪 | |
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simp. | 丧 | |
alternative forms |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 喪 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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忙 | *maːŋ |
芒 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
茫 | *maːŋ |
恾 | *maːŋ |
吂 | *maːŋ, *maːŋs |
汒 | *maːŋ, *maŋs |
朚 | *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs |
邙 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
杗 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
荒 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs |
肓 | *hmaːŋ |
衁 | *hmaːŋ |
巟 | *hmaːŋ |
詤 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ |
慌 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ |
謊 | *hmaːŋʔ |
喪 | *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ |
亡 | *maŋ |
望 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
莣 | *maŋ |
朢 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
鋩 | *maŋ |
硭 | *maŋ |
忘 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
网 | *mlaŋʔ |
罔 | *mlaŋʔ |
蛧 | *maŋʔ |
網 | *mlaŋʔ |
輞 | *maŋʔ |
棢 | *maŋʔ |
惘 | *maŋʔ |
菵 | *maŋʔ |
誷 | *maŋʔ |
魍 | *maŋʔ |
妄 | *maŋs |
盲 | *mraːŋ |
蝱 | *mraːŋ |
虻 | *mraːŋ |
氓 | *mraːŋ |
甿 | *mraːŋ |
Originally ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component.
In the seal script became ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives.
Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪.
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear".
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang1
- Cantonese (Jyutping): song1
- Gan (Wiktionary): song1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): son1
- Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1saon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sang
- Wade–Giles: sang1
- Yale: sāng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
- Palladius: сан (san)
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: sang1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
- Sinological IPA (key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: song1
- Yale: sōng
- Cantonese Pinyin: song1
- Guangdong Romanization: song1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: song1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
- Hakka Romanization System: songˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: song1
- Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: son1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
- Sinological IPA (key): /souŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- song - literary;
- sng - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: sang
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋ/
Definitions
[edit]喪
- mourning; funeral ceremony
- corpse; dead body
- misfortune; misadventure
- to mourn; to be in mourning
- to grieve over the death of
Compounds
[edit]- 三年之喪/三年之丧 (sān nián zhī sāng)
- 伐喪/伐丧
- 停喪/停丧
- 免喪/免丧
- 出喪/出丧 (chūsāng)
- 初喪/初丧
- 匍匐奔喪/匍匐奔丧
- 匿喪/匿丧
- 告喪/告丧 (gàosāng)
- 告喪帖/告丧帖
- 哭喪棒/哭丧棒 (kūsāngbàng)
- 哭喪臉/哭丧脸
- 哭喪著臉/哭丧著脸 (kūsāng zhe liǎn)
- 喪主/丧主
- 喪亂/丧乱 (sāngluàn)
- 喪亂帖/丧乱帖
- 喪事/丧事 (sāngshì)
- 喪具/丧具
- 喪冢/丧冢
- 喪天害理/丧天害理
- 喪家/丧家 (sāngjiā)
- 喪居/丧居 (sāngjū)
- 喪服/丧服 (sāngfú)
- 喪榜/丧榜
- 喪煞/丧煞
- 喪祭/丧祭
- 喪禮/丧礼 (sānglǐ)
- 喪紀/丧纪
- 喪聲嚎氣/丧声嚎气
- 喪聲歪氣/丧声歪气
- 喪葬/丧葬 (sāngzàng)
- 喪鐘/丧钟 (sāngzhōng)
- 喪門/丧门
- 喪門星/丧门星 (sàngménxīng)
- 囚首喪面/囚首丧面
- 國喪/国丧 (guósāng)
- 執喪/执丧
- 報喪/报丧 (bàosāng)
- 報喪帖/报丧帖
- 大出喪/大出丧
- 大喪/大丧
- 奔喪/奔丧 (bēnsāng)
- 婚喪喜慶/婚丧喜庆 (hūnsāngxǐqìng)
- 守喪/守丧 (shǒusāng)
- 居喪/居丧 (jūsāng)
- 弔喪/吊丧 (diàosāng)
- 弔喪問疾/吊丧问疾
- 心喪/心丧
- 扛喪/扛丧
- 探喪/探丧
- 摔喪/摔丧
- 撞喪/撞丧
- 服喪/服丧 (fúsāng)
- 母喪/母丧
- 治喪/治丧 (zhìsāng)
- 浪子喪門/浪子丧门
- 無服之喪/无服之丧
- 父喪/父丧
- 發喪/发丧 (fāsāng)
- 號喪/号丧 (háosāng)
- 護喪/护丧
- 送喪/送丧 (sòngsāng)
- 開喪/开丧
- 闖喪/闯丧
- 除喪/除丧
- 頂喪駕靈/顶丧驾灵
- 鬧喪鼓兒/闹丧鼓儿
Descendants
[edit]Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): song3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): song
- Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5saon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄙㄤˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sàng
- Wade–Giles: sang4
- Yale: sàng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sanq
- Palladius: сан (san)
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: song3
- Yale: song
- Cantonese Pinyin: song3
- Guangdong Romanization: song3
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔːŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: song
- Hakka Romanization System: song
- Hagfa Pinyim: song4
- Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: sangH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋs/
Definitions
[edit]喪
- to forfeit; to lose; to be deprived of
- to die; to pass away
- to be defeated; to be destroyed; to perish
- to escape; to flee
- to forget; to fail to remember
- to be discouraged; to lose heart
- (Hong Kong Cantonese) wildly; extremely
Compounds
[edit]- 一言喪邦/一言丧邦
- 亡魂喪膽/亡魂丧胆
- 亡魂喪魄/亡魂丧魄
- 低頭喪氣/低头丧气
- 喪亡/丧亡 (sàngwáng)
- 喪人/丧人
- 喪偶/丧偶 (sàng'ǒu)
- 喪元/丧元
- 喪命/丧命 (sàngmìng)
- 喪失/丧失 (sàngshī)
- 喪家之犬/丧家之犬 (sàngjiāzhīquǎn)
- 喪家之狗/丧家之狗 (sàngjiāzhīgǒu)
- 喪家狗/丧家狗
- 喪師/丧师 (sàngshī)
- 喪心/丧心
- 喪心病狂/丧心病狂 (sàngxīnbìngkuáng)
- 喪志/丧志 (sàngzhì)
- 喪敗/丧败
- 喪明/丧明
- 喪明之痛/丧明之痛
- 喪權/丧权
- 喪權辱國/丧权辱国 (sàngquánrǔguó)
- 喪氣/丧气
- 喪生/丧生 (sàngshēng)
- 喪盡天良/丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
- 喪膽/丧胆 (sàngdǎn)
- 喪膽亡魂/丧胆亡魂
- 喪膽銷魂/丧胆销魂
- 喪著臉/丧著脸
- 喪蕩游魂/丧荡游魂
- 喪謗/丧谤
- 喪身/丧身 (sàngshēn)
- 喪魂落魄/丧魂落魄
- 嗒喪/嗒丧
- 垂頭喪氣/垂头丧气 (chuítóusàngqì)
- 垂首喪氣/垂首丧气
- 失魂喪魄/失魂丧魄
- 彫喪/雕丧
- 心神喪失/心神丧失
- 心驚膽喪/心惊胆丧
- 懊喪/懊丧 (àosàng)
- 懷憂喪志/怀忧丧志
- 敗國喪家/败国丧家
- 斲喪/斲丧
- 本喪/本丧
- 氣喪/气丧
- 沮喪/沮丧 (jǔsàng)
- 淪喪/沦丧 (lúnsàng)
- 灰心喪意/灰心丧意
- 灰心喪氣/灰心丧气 (huīxīnsàngqì)
- 玩人喪德/玩人丧德
- 玩物喪志/玩物丧志 (wànwùsàngzhì)
- 破膽喪魂/破胆丧魂
- 聞風喪膽/闻风丧胆 (wénfēngsàngdǎn)
- 膽喪心驚/胆丧心惊
- 蹙國喪師/蹙国丧师
- 頹喪/颓丧 (tuísàng)
- 魂飛魄喪/魂飞魄丧
References
[edit]- “喪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
- Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
- Kun: も (mo, 喪, Jōyō); うしなう (ushinau, 喪う)
Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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喪 |
も Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
喪 |
そう Grade: S |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]喪 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]喪: Hán Nôm readings: tang, táng, tảng
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
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