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られる

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Etymology

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From Classical Japanese らる (raru), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, lower bigrade conjugation) and attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of monograde, bigrade, カ行変格活用 (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō, k-irregular conjugation), and サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, s-irregular conjugation) verbs.

As with other shimo nidan verbs, the original 終止形 (shūshikei, terminal form) らる (raru) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, attributive form) らるる (raruru) came to be used for both functions, realigning the conjugations, and the conjugation type shifted to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, lower monograde conjugation), making the modern form られる (rareru).

Some linguists suggest that られる is a variant of れる, where a reduplicative "r" is added to avoid vowel clusters. (e.g. 食べる + れる → *tabe- + *-are- → *tabeare- + *taberare- → 食べられる) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of られる
Plain られる れる
[ràrérú]
[ràréꜜrù]
Conjunctive られて れて
れて
[ràrété]
[ráꜜrètè]
Perfective られた れた
れた
[ràrétá]
[ráꜜrètà]
Negative られない れない
ない
[ràrénáí]
[ràréꜜnàì]
Negative perfective られなかった れなかった
なかった
[ràrénáꜜkàttà]
[ràréꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional られれば れれ
れば
[ràréréꜜbà]
[ràréꜜrèbà]
Past conditional られたら れた
れたら
[ràrétáꜜrà]
[ráꜜrètàrà]
Imperative られろ
られよ
れろ

[ràréró]
[ràréꜜrò]
[ràréꜜyò]
Volitional られよう れよ [ràréyóꜜò]
Desiderative られたい れたい
れた
[ràrétáí]
[ràrétáꜜì]
Formal られます れま [ràrémáꜜsù]
Formal negative られません れませ [ràrémáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional られましょう れましょ [ràrémáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective られました れました [ràrémáꜜshìtà]
Continuative られ
られに


れに
れに
[ràré]
[ráꜜrè]
[ràré ní]
[ráꜜrè nì]
Negative continuative られず
られずに
れず

れずに
ずに
[ràrézú]
[ràréꜜzù]
[ràrézú ní]
[ràréꜜzù nì]
Passive られられる れられる
れられ
[ràrérárérú]
[ràréráréꜜrù]
Causative られさせる
られさす
れさせる
れさせ
れさす
れさ
[ràrésásérú]
[ràrésáséꜜrù]
[ràrésású]
[ràrésáꜜsù]
Potential られられる
られれる
れられる
れられ
れれる
れれ
[ràrérárérú]
[ràréráréꜜrù]
[ràrérérú]
[ràréréꜜrù]

Suffix

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られる (-rareruichidan (stem られ (-rare), past られた (-rareta))

  1. Makes the passive voice.
    昨日(きのう)(せん)(せい)()られた
    Kinō sensei ni homerareta.
    I was praised by my teacher yesterday.
  2. Makes the potential form; -able, -ible
    このキノコは()られますか。
    Kono kinoko wa taberaremasu ka.
    Is this mushroom edible?
    (literally, “Can [one] eat this mushroom?”)
  3. Shows a spontaneous action.
  4. Forms a light honorific expression.

Usage notes

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Attaches only to the 未然形 (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of Group II (ichidan) and Group III (irregular) verbs. The result is conjugated like a Group II (ichidan) verb.

The passive form of verbs from other conjugation classes are formed with れる (-reru) instead of られる (-rareru).

Recently in colloquial speech, られる (-rareru) used for the potential can be shortened to れる (-reru), e.g. ()きれる (okireru), ()べれる (tabereru), ()れる (koreru). This practice is called ()(こと)() (ra-nuki kotoba).

This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, auxiliary verb) in traditional Japanese grammar.

Conjugation

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See also

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