俠

See also: 侠

Translingual

Han character

俠 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人大人人 (OKOO), four-corner 2423₈, composition ⿰亻夾)

1. knight-errantry

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 105, character 24
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 706
• Dae Jaweon: page 224, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 158, character 7
• Unihan data for U+4FE0

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Chinese

trad.		俠
simp.		侠

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 俠
Small seal script s05773 Transcribed ancient scripts L38583 L38584 L29588 L29589
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (夾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
瘞	*qrebs
瘱	*qeːbs
脥	*kʰemʔ
浹	*skaːb, *skeːb
挾	*skaːb, *ɡeːb
夾	*kreːb
郟	*kreːb
筴	*sʰreːɡ, *kreːb, *keːb
裌	*kreːb
鵊	*kreːb
狹	*ɡreːb
峽	*ɡreːb
硤	*ɡreːb
陜	*ɡreːb
陿	*ɡreːb
翜	*sraːb, *srɯːb
梜	*kraːb, *keːb
頰	*keːb
莢	*keːb
鋏	*keːb
蛺	*keːb
唊	*keːb
悏	*kʰeːb
匧	*kʰeːb
愜	*kʰeːb
篋	*kʰeːb
俠	*ɡeːb
綊	*ɡeːb

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiá (xia²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haap⁶ / hap⁶
• Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): hiab⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hia̍p / kiap

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hiab⁸

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiá
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siá
    • Wade–Giles: hsia²
    • Yale: syá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shya
    • Palladius: ся (sja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haap⁶ / hap⁶
    • Yale: haahp / hahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haap⁹ / hap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hab⁶ / heb⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːp̚²/, /hɐp̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hiab⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /hiap̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hia̍p
    • Tâi-lô: hia̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiap
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hiap̚⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiap̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiap̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiap
    • Tâi-lô: kiap
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiab
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiap̚⁵/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiap̚³²/

Note:

• hia̍p - literary;
• kiap - vernacular (俗).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hiab⁸
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hia̍p
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiap̚⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: hep

Rime
Character	俠
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	怗 (158)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	胡頰切
Baxter	hep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦep̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦep̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɛp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɛp̚/
Li Rong	/ɣep̚/
Wang Li	/ɣiep̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣiep̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xié
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jip6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːb/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	俠
Reading #	1/1
No.	5915
Phonetic component	夾
Rime group	盍
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	協
Old Chinese	/*ɡeːb/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 俠

1. chivalrous person
2. knight-errant
3. hero

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Japanese

Kanji

俠

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 侠)

1. chivalrous person
2. chivalry
3. knight-errant
4. tomboy

Readings

• Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)^{←げふ (gefu, historical)}
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←けふ (kefu, historical)}
• Tō-on: きゃん (kyan)^{←きやん (kyan, historical)}
• Kun: おとこだて (otokodate, 俠)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
俠
きょう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 俠 (MC hep).

Noun

1. Kyūjitai form of 侠: chivalrous spirit

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
俠
きゃん Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From a later borrowing of Middle Chinese 俠 (MC hep). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

1. Kyūjitai form of 侠: a chivalrous person; a tomboy

Adjective

1. Kyūjitai form of 侠: chivalrous, tomboyish

Inflection

Inflection of 俠

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	俠だろ	きゃんだろ	kyan daro
Continuative (連用形)	俠で	きゃんで	kyan de
Terminal (終止形)	俠だ	きゃんだ	kyan da
Attributive (連体形)	俠な	きゃんな	kyan na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	俠なら	きゃんなら	kyan nara
Imperative (命令形)	俠であれ	きゃんであれ	kyan de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	俠ではない 俠じゃない	きゃんではない きゃんじゃない	kyan de wa nai kyan ja nai
Informal past	俠だった	きゃんだった	kyan datta
Informal negative past	俠ではなかった 俠じゃなかった	きゃんではなかった きゃんじゃなかった	kyan de wa nakatta kyan ja nakatta
Formal	俠です	きゃんです	kyan desu
Formal negative	俠ではありません 俠じゃありません	きゃんではありません きゃんじゃありません	kyan de wa arimasen kyan ja arimasen
Formal past	俠でした	きゃんでした	kyan deshita
Formal negative past	俠ではありませんでした 俠じゃありませんでした	きゃんではありませんでした きゃんじゃありませんでした	kyan de wa arimasen deshita kyan ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	俠で	きゃんで	kyan de
Conditional	俠なら（ば）	きゃんなら（ば）	kyan nara (ba)
Provisional	俠だったら	きゃんだったら	kyan dattara
Volitional	俠だろう	きゃんだろう	kyan darō
Adverbial	俠に	きゃんに	kyan ni
Degree	俠さ	きゃんさ	kyansa

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Korean

Hanja

俠 • (hyeop) (hangeul 협, revised hyeop, McCune–Reischauer hyŏp)

1. chivalrous person
2. knight-errant

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Vietnamese

Han character

俠: Hán Nôm readings: hiệp

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