壤

See also: 壌

Translingual

Japanese	壌
Simplified	壤
Traditional	壤

Han character

壤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 土卜口女 (GYRV), four-corner 4013₂, composition ⿰土襄)

Derived characters

• 𤅑

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5608
• Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 501, character 11
• Unihan data for U+58E4

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		壤
alternative forms		圵 second round simplified

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (襄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
囊	*naːŋ
蠰	*naːŋ, *sraŋ, *hnjaŋs, *njaŋʔ
曩	*naːŋʔ
灢	*naːŋʔ, *naːŋs
儾	*naːŋs
孃	*naŋ, *njaŋ
瓤	*naŋ, *njaŋ
鑲	*naŋ, *njaŋ
釀	*naŋs
瓖	*snaŋ, *snaŋ
驤	*snaŋ
襄	*snaŋ
纕	*snaŋ
忀	*snaŋ
欀	*snaŋ, *njaŋs
饟	*hnjaŋ, *hnjaŋʔ, *hnjaŋs
攘	*njaŋ, *njaŋʔ, *njaŋs
禳	*njaŋ
穰	*njaŋ, *njaŋʔ
躟	*njaŋ, *njaŋʔ
瀼	*njaŋ
獽	*njaŋ
儴	*njaŋ
蘘	*njaŋ
鬤	*njaŋ, *rnaːŋ
勷	*njaŋ
壤	*njaŋʔ
嚷	*njaŋʔ
讓	*njaŋs
懹	*njaŋs
攮	*rnoːŋʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rǎng (rang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng⁶ / joeng⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): jióng / lióng / jiáng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): riang²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rǎng
    • Wade–Giles: jang³
    • Yale: rǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raang
    • Palladius: жан (žan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐɑŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: joeng⁶ / joeng⁵
    • Yale: yeuhng / yéuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: joeng⁶ / joeng⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: yêng⁶ / yêng⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːŋ²²/, /jœːŋ¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jióng
    • Tâi-lô: jióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jiorng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng
    • Tâi-lô: lióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liorng
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiáng
    • Tâi-lô: jiáng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jiarng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziaŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziaŋ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: riang²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziaŋ⁵²/

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• Middle Chinese: nyangX

Rime
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如兩切
Baxter	nyangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨɐŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɐŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɑŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨaŋX/
Li Rong	/ȵiaŋX/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭaŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯aŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	joeng5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*naŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njaŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ nyangX ›
Old Chinese	/*naŋʔ/
English	cultivated soil
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
No.	13643
Phonetic component	襄
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	壤
Old Chinese	/*njaŋʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 壤

1. soil
2. land; earth; ground
3. region; area

References

• “壤”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Shinjitai	壌
Kyūjitai	壤

Kanji

壤

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壌)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): じょう (jō)
• Kun: つち (tsuchi, 壤)

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Korean

Hanja

壤 • (yang) (hangeul 양, revised yang, McCune–Reischauer yang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

• 平壤市 (평양)

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 壤 (nhưỡng)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.