弘

弘 U+5F18, 弘 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F18 ← 弗 [U+5F17] CJK Unified Ideographs 弙 → [U+5F19]

Translingual

Han character

弘 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈 (NI) or X弓戈 (XNI), four-corner 1223₀, composition ⿰弓厶)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9709
• Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 990, character 15
• Unihan data for U+5F18

Chinese

simp. and trad.		弘
alternative forms		𢎞 𪪺 𢎪 𣧀

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (弘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
弘	*ɡʷɯːŋ
鞃	*ɡʷɯːŋ
苰	*ɡʷɯːŋ
泓	*qʷrɯːŋ
宖	*qʷrɯːŋ, *ɡʷrɯːŋ
紭	*ɡʷrɯːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷɯːŋ): phonetic 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ, “bow”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – the sound of a bow > a loud sound.

The 口 later corrupts into 厶 (the ancient form of 肱 (OC *kʷɯːŋ)), which Shuowen interprets to be the phonetic component of the character.

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hóng (hong²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wang⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fèn
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hông / hêng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hong⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hóng
    • Wade–Giles: hung²
    • Yale: húng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horng
    • Palladius: хун (xun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: wang⁴
    • Yale: wàhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wang⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: weng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fèn
    • Hakka Romanization System: fenˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fen²
    • Sinological IPA: /fen¹¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
    • Tâi-lô: hông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: dated in Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng
    • Tâi-lô: hîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: heeng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ²⁴/

Note: hêng — used in 弘一法師.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hong⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hoŋ⁵⁵/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 弘
Mandarin	Beijing	/xuŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/xuŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/xuŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/xuŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xəŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xuŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xuŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/xuə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/xũn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xuŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xoŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xoŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/xoŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/xoŋ¹/
	Nanjing	/xoŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/xəŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xuəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xuŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦoŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦoŋ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦoŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦoŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/xuʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/xan⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/xoŋ¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ɦən¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/fen¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/fen¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/wɐŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/huŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/wɐŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hɔŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/huŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hoŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hɔŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hwong

Rime
Character	弘
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	登 (130)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡肱切
Baxter	hwong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦwəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwəŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣuəŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣuəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣwəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wang4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤəŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	弘
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hóng
Middle Chinese	‹ hwong ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷˁəŋ/
English	vast
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	弘
Reading #	1/1
No.	5130
Phonetic component	弘
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	弘
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷɯːŋ/

Definitions

弘

1. to spread; to enlarge; to expand
2. great; grand; magnificent; broad

   See also: 宏

3. a surname

Compounds

• 函弘
• 取精用弘
• 含弘
• 四弘誓願／四弘誓愿 (sìhóngshìyuàn)
• 寬弘／宽弘
• 廣弘明集／广弘明集
• 弘一
• 弘化
• 弘大 (hóngdà)
• 弘奧／弘奥
• 弘宥
• 弘宣
• 弘忍
• 弘揚／弘扬 (hóngyáng)
• 弘教
• 弘文館／弘文馆
• 弘明
• 弘景
• 弘正文學／弘正文学
• 弘毅
• 弘決／弘决
• 弘法 (hóngfǎ)
• 弘深
• 弘烈
• 弘獎／弘奖
• 弘範／弘范
• 弘經／弘经
• 弘誓
• 弘農／弘农 (Hóngnóng)
• 弘通
• 弘道 (hóngdào)
• 弘遠／弘远
• 弘量
• 弘願／弘愿 (hóngyuàn)
• 恢弘 (huīhóng)
• 萇弘化碧／苌弘化碧
• 識量弘恢／识量弘恢
• 高談弘論／高谈弘论

 

References

• “弘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

弘

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. to spread
2. wide

Readings

• Go-on: ぐ (gu)
• Kan-on: こう (kō)
• Kun: ひろい (hiroi, 弘い); ひろまる (hiromaru, 弘まる); ひろめる (hiromeru, 弘める)

Compounds

• 弘誓(ぐぜい) (guzei)
• 弘法(ぐほう) (guhō, “mission”)
• 弘遠(こうえん) (kōen)
• 弘済会(こうさいかい) (kōsaikai, “an association of wide relief”)
• 弘大(こうだい) (kōdai, “wide”)
• 弘道(こうどう) (kōdō, “mission”)
• 弘布(こうふ) (kōfu, “ぐぶ”), 弘布(ぐぶ) (gubu, “spread”)
• 弘報(こうほう) (kōhō, “publicity”)

Proper noun

弘(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) 

1. a male given name

弘(ひろむ) • (Hiromu) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

弘 (eumhun 클 홍 (keul hong))

1. Hanja form^? of 홍 (“big”).

Vietnamese

Han character

弘: Hán Nôm readings: hoằng, ngoằng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.