愧

See also: 媿

Translingual

Han character

愧 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心竹山戈 (PHUI), four-corner 9601₃, composition ⿰忄鬼)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10982
• Dae Jaweon: page 734, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2329, character 11
• Unihan data for U+6127

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Chinese

trad.		愧
simp. #		愧

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (鬼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
謉	*tkuːlʔ, *krul
瑰	*kuːl, *ɡuːl
傀	*kuːl, *kʰuːlʔ
藱	*kuːl
魁	*kʰuːl
磈	*kʰuːlʔ, *qulʔ
塊	*kʰuːls, *kʰruːds
嵬	*ŋɡuːl, *ŋɡuːlʔ
隗	*ŋɡuːlʔ
槐	*ɡuːl, *ɡruːl
瘣	*ɡuːlʔ
廆	*ɡuːlʔ
溾	*ɡuːlʔ, *qruːl
螝	*ɡuːls, *krul
褢	*ɡruːl
騩	*krul, *kruls, *kul
愧	*kruls
媿	*kruls
聭	*kruls
餽	*ɡruls
鬼	*kulʔ
魏	*ŋɡuls
巍	*ŋul
犩	*ŋul, *ŋuls

Origins related to 媿／愧 (kuì). In Shuowen, understood as an Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 恥 (“shame”) + 鬼 (“spirit”). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruls) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kuì (kui⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kwai³ / kwai⁵
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùi

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kuì
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kuèi
    • Wade–Giles: kʻuei⁴
    • Yale: kwèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuey
    • Palladius: куй (kuj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kwai³ / kwai⁵
    • Yale: kwai / kwáih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kwai³ / kwai⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: kuei³ / kuei⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰɐi̯³³/, /kʷʰɐi̯¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùi
    • Tâi-lô: khuì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: quix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰui¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kwijH

Rime
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	脂 (18)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	俱位切
Baxter	kwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiuɪH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuɪH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjwiH/
Li Rong	/kjuiH/
Wang Li	/kwiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwai3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ruj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kruls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kuì
Middle Chinese	‹ kwijH ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ruj-s/
English	ashamed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
No.	4682
Phonetic component	鬼
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	媿
Old Chinese	/*kruls/
Notes	說文同媿

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 愧

1. ashamed; guilty; conscience-stricken; mortified
2. to make (someone) feel guilty; to shame; to blame

References

• “愧”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Kanji

愧

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. feel ashamed
2. shy

Readings

• Go-on: き (ki)^{←き (ki, historical)←くゐ (kwi, ancient)}
• Kan-on: き (ki)^{←き (ki, historical)←くゐ (kwi, ancient)}
• Kun: はじる (hajiru, 愧じる)^{←はぢる (fadiru, 愧ぢる, historical)}; はじらう (hajirau, 愧じらう)^{←はぢらふ (fadirafu, 愧ぢらふ, historical)}; はずかしめる (hazukashimeru, 愧める)^{←はづかしめる (fadukasimeru, 愧める, historical)}; とがめる (togameru, 愧める)

Compounds

Compounds

• 愧死(きし) (kishi)
• 愧赧(きたん) (kitan)
• 慚愧(ざんき), 慙愧(ざんき) (zanki)
• 羞愧(しゅうき) (shūki)
• 無愧(むぎ) (mugi)
• 屋漏(おくろう)に愧(は)じず (okurō ni hajizu)

Proverbs

• 仰(あお)いで天(てん)に愧(は)じず，俯(ふ)して地(ち)に怍(は)じず (aoi de ten ni hajizu, fu shite chi ni hajizu)
• 俯仰(ふぎょう)天地(てんち)に愧(は)じず (fugyō tenchi ni hajizu)

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Korean

Hanja

愧 • (goe) (hangeul 괴, revised goe, McCune–Reischauer koe, Yale koy)

1. ashamed
2. conscience-stricken

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 愧 (quý)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.