憶

See also: 忆

Translingual

Han character

憶 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心卜廿心 (PYTP), four-corner 9003₆, composition ⿰忄意)

Derived characters

• 𬟔

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 404, character 33
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11295
• Dae Jaweon: page 744, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2362, character 13
• Unihan data for U+61B6

---

Chinese

trad.		憶
simp.		忆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
噫	*qrɯːɡs, *qɯ
譩	*qɯ, *qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷	*qɯʔ, *qɯɡ
意	*qɯɡs
鷾	*qɯɡs
憶	*qɯɡ
億	*qɯɡ
臆	*qɯɡ
繶	*qɯɡ
澺	*qɯɡ
薏	*qɯɡ
檍	*qɯɡ
癔	*qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs, “thought”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jik¹
• Northern Min (KCR): i̿
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): iak / ek / it

  (Teochew, Peng'im): êg⁸

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yì
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yì
    • Wade–Giles: i⁴
    • Yale: yì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
    • Palladius: и (i)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jik¹
    • Yale: yīk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: i̿
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
    • Tâi-lô: iak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
    • Tâi-lô: ik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eg
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: it
    • Tâi-lô: it
    • Phofsit Daibuun: id
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /it̚⁵/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /it̚³²/

Note:

• iak/ek - literary;
• it - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: êg⁸
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ek̚⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 憶
Mandarin	Beijing	/i⁵¹/
	Harbin	/i⁵³/
	Tianjin	/i⁵³/
	Jinan	/i²¹/
	Qingdao	/i⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/i³¹²/
	Xi'an	/i⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/i¹³/
	Lanzhou	/i¹³/
	Ürümqi	/i²¹³/
	Wuhan	/i³⁵/
	Chengdu	/i¹³/
	Guiyang	/i²¹³/
	Kunming	/i²¹²/
	Nanjing	/i⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/zz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/i³⁵/
	Hohhot	/i⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/i³⁵/
	Suzhou	/i⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ʔi⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/j̠i⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/i³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/i¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/i⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/i⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/i⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/it̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒï⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jek̚⁵/
	Nanning	/jek̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jek̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ik̚³²/ /it̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ɛiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/i³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ek̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/it̚⁵/ /i⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)ək/
English	remember
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
No.	15156
Phonetic component	意
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 憶

1. to remember; to reminisce; to reflect upon

   記憶／记忆  ―  jìyì  ―  to remember

   回憶／回忆  ―  huíyì  ―  to reminisce

2. memory

   回憶／回忆  ―  huíyì  ―  memory

---

Japanese

Kanji

憶

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. to think, to consider, to believe

Readings

• Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: よく (yoku)
• Kun: おもう (omou, 憶う)^{←おもふ (omofu, 憶ふ, historical)}

Etymology

Kanji in this term
憶
おく Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 憶 (MC 'ik).

Affix

憶(おく) • (oku) 

1. to recall; to remember
2. to guess; to conjecture

---

Korean

Hanja

憶 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)

1. remember
2. reflect upon
3. memory

---

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 憶 (ức)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.