牧

See also: 攼

Translingual

Han character

牧 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹手人大 (HQOK), four-corner 2854₀, composition ⿰牜攵)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 698, character 16
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19950
• Dae Jaweon: page 1110, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1803, character 19
• Unihan data for U+7267

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		牧

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 牧
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 牛 (“cow”) + 攴 (“a whip”) – to herd.

Etymology

Cognate with Tibetan འབྲོག་པ། ('brog pa, “herdsman; nomad; shepherd”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mù (mu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): muk⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mu̍k
• Eastern Min (BUC): mŭk / muŏk
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bo̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): mog⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵moq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mù
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mù
    • Wade–Giles: mu⁴
    • Yale: mù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
    • Palladius: му (mu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: muk⁶
    • Yale: muhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: muk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: mug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mʊk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: mug
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mug⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /muk̚⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: mŭk / muŏk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /muʔ⁵/, /muoʔ⁵/

Note:

• muŏk - only in the sense “to heal; to cure”.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍k
    • Tâi-lô: bo̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bok
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔk̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: mog⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mo̍k
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mok̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵moq
    • MiniDict: 'moh^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²'moq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /moʔ³⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: mjuwk

Rime
Character	牧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	莫六切
Baxter	mjuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/miuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/miuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muwk̚/
Li Rong	/miuk̚/
Wang Li	/mĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	muk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	牧
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mù
Middle Chinese	‹ mjuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*mək/
English	to herd, herdsman
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	牧
Reading #	1/1
No.	9335
Phonetic component	牧
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	目
Old Chinese	/*mɯɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 牧

1. to herd; to tend; to breed livestock
2. herdsman; herder; shepherd
3. ^† to govern; to rule
4. (historical) overlord; ruler (of one of the nine ancient city states in China)
5. Short for 畜牧業／畜牧业 (xùmùyè, “animal husbandry”).
6. (Eastern Min) to heal; to cure
7. a surname

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Japanese

Kanji

牧

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. to herd

Readings

• Go-on: もく (moku)
• Kan-on: ぼく (boku, Jōyō)
• Kun: まき (maki, 牧, Jōyō); かう (kau, 牧う); やしなう (yashinau, 牧う)

Proper noun

牧(まき) • (Maki) 

1. a surname

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Korean

Hanja

牧 • (mok) (hangeul 목, revised mok, McCune–Reischauer mok, Yale mok)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 牧 (mục, mặt)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.