牧

See also: 攼

牧	U+7267, 牧 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7267

← 牦
[U+7266]

CJK Unified Ideographs

牨 →
[U+7268]

Translingual

Han character

牧 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹手人大 (HQOK), four-corner 2854₀, composition ⿰牜攵)

Derived characters

𫹘, 𤲧, 𫘎, 𮭁, 𦱒, 𤔤, 𢛮, 𣈊, 𭷧, 𤚓, 𭯡, 𭷯, 𮢒, 𮬾

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 698, character 16
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19950
Dae Jaweon: page 1110, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1803, character 19
Unihan data for U+7267

Chinese

simp. and trad.		牧

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 牧
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 牛 (“cow”) + 攴 (“a whip”) – to herd.

Etymology

Cognate with Tibetan འབྲོག་པ། ('brog pa, “herdsman; nomad; shepherd”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mù (mu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): muk⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mu̍k
Eastern Min (BUC): mŭk / muŏk
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): borh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): bo̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): mog⁸
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸moq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mù
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mù
  - Wade–Giles: mu⁴
  - Yale: mù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
  - Palladius: му (mu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: muk⁶
  - Yale: muhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: muk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: mug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: mug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /muk̚⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mŭk / muŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muʔ⁵/, /muoʔ⁵/

Note:

muŏk - only in the sense “to heal; to cure”.

Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: borh⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bo̤̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɒʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍k
  - Tâi-lô: bo̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bok
  - IPA (Xiamen): /bɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔk̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: mog⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mo̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mok̚⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸moq
  - MiniDict: moh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵moq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /moʔ¹²/

Middle Chinese: mjuwk

Rime
Character	牧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	莫六切
Baxter	mjuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/miuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/miuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muwk̚/
Li Rong	/miuk̚/
Wang Li	/mĭuk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	muk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mək/

(Zhengzhang): /*mɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	牧
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mù
Middle Chinese	‹ mjuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*mək/
English	to herd, herdsman
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	牧
Reading #	1/1
No.	9335
Phonetic component	牧
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	目
Old Chinese	/*mɯɡ/

Definitions

牧

to herd; to tend; to breed livestock
herdsman; herder; shepherd
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to govern; to rule
(historical) overlord; ruler (of one of the nine ancient city states in China)
Short for 畜牧業／畜牧业 (xùmùyè, “animal husbandry”).
(Christianity) pastor
聘牧 ― pìnmù ― to hire a pastor

按牧 ― ànmù ― to ordain a pastor
(Eastern Min) to heal; to cure
a surname

Compounds

References

莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “牧”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 161.

Japanese

Kanji

牧

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

to herd

Readings

Go-on: もく (moku)
Kan-on: ぼく (boku, Jōyō)
Kun: まき (maki, 牧, Jōyō)、かう (kau, 牧う)、やしなう (yashinau, 牧う)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
牧
まき Grade: 4
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 牧 – see the following entry.

【まき】	[noun] pasture [proper noun] 牧: a surname

(This term, 牧, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 牧 (MC mjuwk). Recorded as Middle Korean 목〮 (mwók) (Yale: mwok) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

牧

Wikisource

牧 (eumhun 칠 목 (chil mok))

hanja form^? of 목 (“to herd”)

Compounds

목사 (牧師, moksa)
목자 (牧者, mokja, “shepherd”)
목장 (牧場, mokjang, “farm”)
목축 (牧畜, mokchuk, “stock-farming”)
방목 (放牧, bangmok)
유목 (遊牧, yumok)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

牧: Hán Nôm readings: mục, mặt

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