Wiktionary:About Proto-Japonic: difference between revisions
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====Unknown vowels==== |
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If a word cannot be determined an unraised vowel, or a type of vowel is unknown, use these: |
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* Unknown raised vowel */o/ or */u/: *O |
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* Unknown raised vowel */e/ or */i/: *E |
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* Unknown schwa */ə/ or back unrounded vowel */o/: *Ə |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
Revision as of 11:30, 18 June 2023
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Proto-Japonic is the reconstructed language of the ancestral Japonic language family, consisting of Japanese, Ryukyuan, Hachijō, and possibly Peninsular Japonic. As Proto-Japonic is a reconstructed language, all entries must be in the Reconstruction mainspace.
Abbreviations
- PJ - Proto-Japonic
- PR - Proto-Ryukyuan
- OJ - Old Japanese
- EMJ - Early Middle Japanese
- JPN - (Modern) Japanese
Phylogeny
- Proto-Japonic
- Proto-Japanese (unlisted)
- † Eastern Old Japanese
- Hachijō Japanese
- † Kyūshū Old Japanese
- † (Western) Old Japanese
- † Early Middle Japanese (unlisted)
- † Late Middle Japanese (unlisted)
- (Modern) Japanese (including modern dialects)
- † Late Middle Japanese (unlisted)
- † Early Middle Japanese (unlisted)
- →? Jeju
- † Eastern Old Japanese
- Proto-Ryukyuan
- Northern Ryukyuan
- Kikai
- Aden (unlisted)
- Shitōke (unlisted)
- Kunigami
- Hentona (unlisted)
- Ieshima (unlisted)
- Nago (unlisted)
- Oku (unlisted)
- Sakimotobu (unlisted)
- Sumuide (unlisted)
- Yonamine, Nakijin (mainland; unlisted)
- Northern Amami Ōshima
- Naze (unlisted)
- Yamatohama (mainland; unlisted)
- Yuwan (unlisted)
- Okinawan
- Ishikawa (unlisted)
- Shuri (mainland; unlisted)
- Naha (mainland; unlisted)
- Okinoerabu
- Kamishiro (unlisted)
- Serikaku (unlisted)
- Tamina (unlisted)
- Tetechina (unlisted)
- Southern Amami Ōshima
- Koniya (unlisted)
- Shodon (unlisted)
- Tokunoshima
- Asama (unlisted)
- Inō (unlisted)
- Kametsu (unlisted)
- Matsubara (unlisted)
- San (unlisted)
- Yoron
- Chabana (unlisted)
- Mugiya (unlisted)
- Kikai
- Southern Ryukyuan
- Miyako
- Hirara (unlisted)
- Ikema (unlisted)
- Nakasuji (unlisted)
- Ōgami (unlisted)
- Ōura (unlisted)
- Sarahama (unlisted)
- Uechi (Unlisted)
- Yonaha (unlisted)
- Yaeyama
- Hateruma (unlisted)
- Ishigaki (unlisted)
- Kabira (unlisted)
- Kobama (unlisted)
- Kuroshima (unlisted)
- Ōbama (unlisted)
- Sonai (unlisted)
- Taketomi (unlisted)
- Yonaguni
- Miyako
- Northern Ryukyuan
- →? † Peninsular-Japonic
- † Puyǒ:
- † Baekje
- † Goguryeo
- Han:
- † Gaya
- † Old Korean
- † Middle Korean
- Korean
- † Middle Korean
- † Puyǒ:
- Proto-Japanese (unlisted)
Reconstructions
See Category:Proto-Japonic lemmas.
Transcription and Phonology
The transcription uses modified Hepburn romanization.
Vowels
Six vowels can be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic:[3][4][5][6]
i | u | |
e[note 2] | ə | o[note 2] |
a |
Diphthongs
Diphthongs that can be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic include *ui, *oi, *əi, *ai, *ia, *iə, ua, and au.[3][7][note 3]
Standalone forms and combining forms
Japanese words have an ablaut such as 雨 (ame, “rain”) and 雨雲 (amagumo, “rain clouds”) (< PJ *amay), which have been thought to been fused with an emphatic nominal particle い (i).
In Proto-Japonic, it's reconstructed as *-i or *-y. The final *-y is deleted in ancient compounds (e.g. *may (“eye”) and *mapia (“front”)) and in Eastern Old Japanese (*Oy;[note 4] compare 月 (tuku, “moon”, Eastern Old Japanese) (< PJ *tukuy) and 火 (pu, “fire”, Eastern Old Japanese; hapax legomenon found as a suffix) (< PJ *poy via vowel raising)), while monophthongization occurs as a standalone noun.
Alexander Vovin traces this *-y element to an earlier *-r (see PJ *wasay (“early rice”)).[8]
Vowel correspondences
Within Old Japanese and Proto-Ryukyuan:[3][9]
Old Japanese | Proto-Japonic | Proto-Ryukyuan |
---|---|---|
i1 | *i | *i |
i2 | *ui | *i |
i2 | *oi | *i |
i2 (e2) | *əi | *e |
e2 | *ai | *e |
e1 | *ia | *e |
e1 | *iə | *e |
i1 (e1) | *e | *e |
u | *u | *u |
o1 | *ua | *o |
o1 | *au[note 5] | *o |
u (o1) | *o | *o |
o2 | *ə | *o |
a | *a | *a |
Unknown vowels
If a word cannot be determined an unraised vowel, or a type of vowel is unknown, use these:
- Unknown raised vowel */o/ or */u/: *O
- Unknown raised vowel */e/ or */i/: *E
- Unknown schwa */ə/ or back unrounded vowel */o/: *Ə
Consonants
Proto-Japonic has the consonants *p, *t, *k, *np, *nt, *nk, *m, *n,[note 6] *s, *ns, *r, *w, and *y (*/j/).[6][note 7][note 6]
Voiced consonants in Old Japanese and Proto-Ryukyuan have been thought to be derived from pre-nasalized consonant + consonant clusters.[6]
Pitch accent
It is debated whether pitch accent notation should be reconstructed in Proto-Japonic (such as to explain vowel lengthening in Okinawan).
Unraised medial vowels
Normally, Proto-Japonic /e/ and /o/ raises to /i/ and /o/ in attested daughter languages. An example is Proto-Japonic *eku (“how many; how much”) unlike Proto-Japonic *ika (“squid”), or Proto-Japonic *moko (“bridegroom; son-in-law”), unlike Proto-Japonic *muk- (“to turn”).
There are word medial e1 and o1 in Old Japanese that cannot be explained away as originating from diphthongs.[11] Examples include:
- e1
- o1
These should be reconstructed with a medial *-e- and medial *-o- in Proto-Japonic.
Verbs
Verbs must be reconstructed as root + terminal suffix *-u.
In the Ryukyuan languages, some verbs are derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) + *worV-, an auxiliary suffix cognate with 居る (oru < woru, “to be, to exist”).[12]
An example:
- Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch, to write”)
Adjectives
Use only the adjective root, not a suffix added to it. For example, Japanese 甘い (amai, “sweet”) descends from Proto-Japonic *ama, without a **-sV suffix. Exceptions are シク活用 (shiku katsuyō, “shiku adjective”): e.g. *pəsi (“wanted, desired”), *kanasi (“emotionally overwhelming”).
Notes
- ^ (unlisted) means do not include it in the descendants. (Western) Old Japanese must simply be called Old Japanese
{{desc|ojp|-|tr=-}}
, while (Modern) Japanese must simply be called Japanese{{desc|ja|-|tr=-}}
. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 These two vowels have been obtained from comparative reconstruction within the Ryukyuan languages and dialects.[4] The other four vowels have been obtained from internal reconstruction within Old Japanese.[4]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The status of diphthong *io is unknown. See the discussion of Japanese 虹 ("rainbow"); the proto form was likely *nonsi based off Ryukyuan and Eastern Old Japanese evidence, but argued to have an earlier Pre-Proto-Japonic form */Mionsi/.
- ^ *O indicates either *o or *u.
- ^ The status of this diphthong is controversial, as it's only supported by external evidence.[10] But compare Old Japanese 黒 (kuro1, “black”) to Old Japanese 暗 (kura, “dark”).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The pre-nasalized + voiceless consonant cluster was originally written as *NC[note 8] in capital letters, but the nasal will be spelled as *n.
- ^ Some linguists (especially advocates of a relation of Proto-Japonic to other languages or "Altaic") reconstruct voiced *b and *d (e.g. Japanese 焼く (“to burn, to grill”) is incorrectly reconstructed as **daka-; real reconstruction is *yaku), but evidence rules out these reconstructions. Therefore, voiced *b and *d should not be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic!
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 C denotes an unknown consonant.
References
- ^ Vovin (2014) s. 8-10
- ^ Thorpe (1983) p. vii-viii
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pellard (2008) p. 136
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vovin (2010) p. 32
- ^ Pellard (2013) p. 83
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pellard (2019) p. 2
- ^ Pellard (2013) p. 90
- ^ Vovin (2015) p. 235
- ^ Pellard (2013) p. 91
- ^ Vovin (2020) p. 46
- ^ Pellard (2013) p. 92-93
- ^ Pellard (2023) p. 15
Further reading
- Proto-Japonic on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Proto-Japonic References