Wiktionary:About Proto-Japonic: difference between revisions

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====Unknown vowels====
If a word cannot be determined an unraised vowel, or a type of vowel is unknown, use these:
* Unknown raised vowel */o/ or */u/: *O
* Unknown raised vowel */e/ or */i/: *E
* Unknown schwa */ə/ or back unrounded vowel */o/: *Ə


===Consonants===
===Consonants===

Revision as of 11:30, 18 June 2023

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Proto-Japonic is the reconstructed language of the ancestral Japonic language family, consisting of Japanese, Ryukyuan, Hachijō, and possibly Peninsular Japonic. As Proto-Japonic is a reconstructed language, all entries must be in the Reconstruction mainspace.

Abbreviations

  • PJ - Proto-Japonic
  • PR - Proto-Ryukyuan
  • OJ - Old Japanese
  • EMJ - Early Middle Japanese
  • JPN - (Modern) Japanese

Phylogeny

Phylogeny:[1][2][note 1]

  • Proto-Japonic
    • Proto-Japanese (unlisted)
      • † Eastern Old Japanese
        • Hachijō Japanese
      • † Kyūshū Old Japanese
      • † (Western) Old Japanese
        • † Early Middle Japanese (unlisted)
          • † Late Middle Japanese (unlisted)
            • (Modern) Japanese (including modern dialects)
      • →? Jeju
    • Proto-Ryukyuan
      • Northern Ryukyuan
        • Kikai
          • Aden (unlisted)
          • Shitōke (unlisted)
        • Kunigami
          • Hentona (unlisted)
          • Ieshima (unlisted)
          • Nago (unlisted)
          • Oku (unlisted)
          • Sakimotobu (unlisted)
          • Sumuide (unlisted)
          • Yonamine, Nakijin (mainland; unlisted)
        • Northern Amami-Oshima
          • Naze (unlisted)
          • Yamatohama (mainland; unlisted)
          • Yuwan (unlisted)
        • Okinawan
          • Ishikawa (unlisted)
          • Shuri (mainland; unlisted)
            • Naha (mainland; unlisted)
        • Oki-No-Erabu
          • Kamishiro (unlisted)
          • Serikaku (unlisted)
          • Tamina (unlisted)
          • Tetechina (unlisted)
        • Southern Amami-Oshima
          • Koniya (unlisted)
          • Shodon (unlisted)
        • Toku-No-Shima
          • Asama (unlisted)
          • Inō (unlisted)
          • Kametsu (unlisted)
          • Matsubara (unlisted)
          • San (unlisted)
        • Yoron
          • Chabana (unlisted)
          • Mugiya (unlisted)
      • Southern Ryukyuan
        • Miyako
          • Hirara (unlisted)
          • Ikema (unlisted)
          • Nakasuji (unlisted)
          • Ōgami (unlisted)
          • Ōura (unlisted)
          • Sarahama (unlisted)
          • Uechi (Unlisted)
          • Yonaha (unlisted)
        • Yaeyama
          • Hateruma (unlisted)
          • Ishigaki (unlisted)
          • Kabira (unlisted)
          • Kobama (unlisted)
          • Kuroshima (unlisted)
          • Ōbama (unlisted)
          • Sonai (unlisted)
          • Taketomi (unlisted)
        • Yonaguni
    • →? † Peninsular-Japonic
      • † Puyǒ:
        • † Baekje
        • † Goguryeo
      • Han:
        • † Kaya
        • † Old Korean
          • † Middle Korean
            • Korean

Reconstructions

See Category:Proto-Japonic lemmas.

Transcription and Phonology

The transcription uses modified Hepburn romanization.

Vowels

Six vowels can be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic:[3][4][5][6]

i u
e[note 2] ə o[note 2]
a

Diphthongs

Diphthongs that can be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic include *ui, *oi, *əi, *ai, *ia, *iə, ua, and au.[3][7][note 3]

Standalone forms and combining forms

Japanese words have an ablaut such as 雨 (ame, “rain”) and 雨雲 (amagumo, “rain clouds”) (< PJ *amay), which have been thought to been fused with an emphatic nominal particle い (i).

In Proto-Japonic, it's reconstructed as *-i or *-y. The final *-y is deleted in ancient compounds (e.g. *may (“eye”) and *mapia (“front”)) and in Eastern Old Japanese (*Oy;[note 4] compare 月 (tuku, “moon”, Eastern Old Japanese) (< PJ *tukuy) and 火 (pu, “fire”, Eastern Old Japanese; hapax legomenon found as a suffix) (< PJ *poy via vowel raising)), while monophthongization occurs as a standalone noun.

Alexander Vovin traces this *-y element to an earlier *-r (see PJ *wasay (“early rice”)).[8]

Vowel correspondences

Within Old Japanese and Proto-Ryukyuan:[3][9]

Vowel correspondences[note 3]
Old Japanese Proto-Japonic Proto-Ryukyuan
i1 *i *i
i2 *ui *i
i2 *oi *i
i2 (e2) *əi *e
e2 *ai *e
e1 *ia *e
e1 *iə *e
i1 (e1) *e *e
u *u *u
o1 *ua *o
o1 *au[note 5] *o
u (o1) *o *o
o2 *ə *o
a *a *a

Unknown vowels

If a word cannot be determined an unraised vowel, or a type of vowel is unknown, use these:

  • Unknown raised vowel */o/ or */u/: *O
  • Unknown raised vowel */e/ or */i/: *E
  • Unknown schwa */ə/ or back unrounded vowel */o/: *Ə

Consonants

Proto-Japonic has the consonants *p, *t, *k, *np, *nt, *nk, *m, *n,[note 6] *s, *ns, *r, *w, and *y (*/j/).[6][note 7][note 6]

Voiced consonants in Old Japanese and Proto-Ryukyuan have been thought to be derived from pre-nasalized consonant + consonant clusters.[6]

Pitch accent

It is debated whether pitch accent notation should be reconstructed in Proto-Japonic (such as to explain vowel lengthening in Okinawan).

Unraised medial vowels

Normally, Proto-Japonic /e/ and /o/ raises to /i/ and /o/ in attested daughter languages. An example is Proto-Japonic *eku (“how many; how much”) unlike Proto-Japonic *ika (“squid”), or Proto-Japonic *moko (“bridegroom; son-in-law”), unlike Proto-Japonic *muk- (“to turn”).

There are word medial e1 and o1 in Old Japanese that cannot be explained away as originating from diphthongs.[11] Examples include:

  • e1
    • 箆 (pe1ra, “moldboard, spatula”)
    • 今日 (ke1pu, “today”)
    • 叫ぶ (sake1bu, “to shout”)
    • 帰る (kape1ru, “to return”, intransitive), 返す (kape1su, “to return”, transitive)
    • 朮 (uke1ra, “Atractylodes japonica”) (< PJ *wokera, however there are no Ryukyuan cognates)
    • 照る (teru, “to shine”)
  • o1
    • 恋 (ko1pi2, “love”) (< PJ *kopoy)
    • 焦ぐ (ko1gu, “to burn”)
    • 苫 (to1ma, “woven rain-cover”)
    • 空 (so1ra, “sky”) (< PJ *sora)
    • 虎 (tora, “tiger”) (< PJ *tora)
    • 弱 (yowa-, “weak”) (< PJ *yowa)
    • 鵙 (mo1zu, “shrike”)
    • 薦 (ko1mo, “eelgrass”)

These should be reconstructed with a medial *-e- and medial *-o- in Proto-Japonic.

Verbs

Verbs must be reconstructed as root + terminal suffix *-u.

In the Ryukyuan languages, some verbs are derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) + *worV-, an auxiliary suffix cognate with 居る (oru < woru, “to be, to exist”).[12]

An example:

Adjectives

Use only the adjective root, not a suffix added to it. For example, Japanese 甘い (amai, “sweet”) descends from Proto-Japonic *ama, without a **-sV suffix. Exceptions are シク活用 (shiku katsuyō, “shiku adjective”): e.g. *pəsi (“wanted, desired”), *kanasi (“emotionally overwhelming”).

Notes

  1. ^ (unlisted) means do not include it in the descendants. (Western) Old Japanese must simply be called Old Japanese {{desc|ojp|-|tr=-}}, while (Modern) Japanese must simply be called Japanese {{desc|ja|-|tr=-}}.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 These two vowels have been obtained from comparative reconstruction within the Ryukyuan languages and dialects.[4] The other four vowels have been obtained from internal reconstruction within Old Japanese.[4]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The status of diphthong *io is unknown. See the discussion of Japanese 虹 ("rainbow"); the proto form was likely *nonsi based off Ryukyuan and Eastern Old Japanese evidence, but argued to have an earlier Pre-Proto-Japonic form */Mionsi/.
  4. ^ *O indicates either *o or *u.
  5. ^ The status of this diphthong is controversial, as it's only supported by external evidence.[10] But compare Old Japanese 黒 (kuro1, “black”) to Old Japanese 暗 (kura, “dark”).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The pre-nasalized + voiceless consonant cluster was originally written as *NC[note 8] in capital letters, but the nasal will be spelled as *n.
  7. ^ Some linguists (especially advocates of a relation of Proto-Japonic to other languages or "Altaic") reconstruct voiced *b and *d (e.g. Japanese 焼く (“to burn, to grill”) is incorrectly reconstructed as **daka-; real reconstruction is *yaku), but evidence rules out these reconstructions. Therefore, voiced *b and *d should not be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic!
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 C denotes an unknown consonant.

References

  1. ^ Vovin (2014) s. 8-10
  2. ^ Thorpe (1983) p. vii-viii
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pellard (2008) p. 136
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vovin (2010) p. 32
  5. ^ Pellard (2013) p. 83
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pellard (2019) p. 2
  7. ^ Pellard (2013) p. 90
  8. ^ Vovin (2015) p. 235
  9. ^ Pellard (2013) p. 91
  10. ^ Vovin (2020) p. 46
  11. ^ Pellard (2013) p. 92-93
  12. ^ Pellard (2023) p. 15

Further reading

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