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PSM |
XM |
QZ |
ZZ |
DT |
JY |
CY |
LZ |
HK |
WC |
Notes
|
*a |
[a] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a]
|
*ai |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ɛ] |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ai]
|
*au |
[au] |
[au] |
[au] |
[ɔ] |
[au] |
[au] |
[au] |
[au] |
[au]
|
*ia |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia]
|
*ua |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua]
|
*iau |
[iau] |
[iau] |
[iau] |
[iɔ] |
[iau] |
[iau] |
[iau] |
[iau] |
[iau]
|
*uai |
[uai] |
[uai] |
[uai] |
[uɛ] |
[uai] |
[uai] |
[uai] |
[uai] |
[uai]
|
*ã |
[ã] |
[ã] |
[ã] |
[ã] |
[ã] |
[ã] |
[a] |
[a] |
[a]
|
*ãi |
[ãi] |
[ũi] |
[ãi] |
[ɛ] |
[ãi] |
[ãi] |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ai]
|
*iã |
[iã] |
[iã] |
[iã] |
[iã] |
[iã] |
[iã] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[ia]
|
*uã |
[uã] |
[uã] |
[uã] |
[uã] |
[uã] |
[uã] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ua]
|
*am |
[am] |
[am] |
[am] |
[aŋ] |
[am] |
[am] |
[am] |
[am] |
[am]
|
*iam |
[iam] |
[iam] |
[iam] |
[iaŋ] |
[iam] |
[iam] |
[iam] |
[iam] |
[iam]
|
*uam |
[uan] |
[uan] |
[uan] |
[aŋ]? |
[uaŋ] |
[uam] |
[uaŋ]? |
[aŋ]? |
[am]?
|
*an |
[an] |
[an] |
[an] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[an]
|
*ian |
[ian] |
[ian] |
[ian] |
[iaŋ] |
[iaŋ] |
[iaŋ] |
[ieŋ] |
[in] |
[in]
|
*uan |
[uan] |
[uan] |
[uan] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uan]
|
*aŋ |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ] |
[aŋ]
|
*aʔ |
[aʔ] |
[aʔ] |
[aʔ] |
[a] |
[aʔ] |
[aʔ] |
[a] |
[a] |
[aʔ]
|
*iaʔ |
[iaʔ] |
[iaʔ] |
[iaʔ] |
[ia] |
[iaʔ] |
[iaʔ] |
[ia] |
[ia] |
[iaʔ]
|
*uaʔ |
[uaʔ] |
[uaʔ] |
[uaʔ] |
[ua] |
[uaʔ] |
[uaʔ] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[uaʔ]
|
*ap |
[ap] |
[ap] |
[ap] |
[aʔ] |
[ap] |
[ap] |
[ap] |
[ap] |
[ap]
|
*iap |
[iap] |
[iap] |
[iap] |
[iaʔ] |
[iap] |
[iap] |
[iap] |
[iap] |
[iap]
|
*uap |
[uat] |
[uat] |
[uat] |
[uaʔ] |
[uak] |
[uap] |
[uak]? |
[ak]? |
[at]?
|
*at |
[at] |
[at] |
[at] |
[aʔ] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[at]
|
*iat |
[iat] |
[iat] |
[iat] |
[iaʔ] |
[iak] |
[iak] |
[iek] |
[it] |
[it]
|
*uat |
[uat] |
[uat] |
[uat] |
[uaʔ] |
[uak] |
[uak] |
[uak] |
[uak] |
[uat]
|
*ak |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[aʔ] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ak]
|
*e |
[e] |
[e] |
[ɛ] |
[a] |
[e] |
[e] |
[ɛ] |
[ɛ] |
[e]
|
*ue |
velar, glottal, zero |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[ua] |
[ua] |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[uɛ] |
[ue] |
[ue]
|
elsewhere |
[ue] |
[ue]
|
*ẽ |
[ĩ] |
[ĩ] |
[ɛ̃] |
[ã] |
[ẽ] |
[ẽ] |
[ɛ] |
[ɛ] |
[e]
|
*uẽ |
[uãi] |
[uĩ] |
[uã] |
[uã] |
[uẽ] |
[uẽ] |
[uɛ] |
[ue] |
[ue]
|
*en |
[in] |
[in] |
[in] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[in] |
[in]
|
*eʔ |
[eʔ] |
[eʔ] |
[ɛʔ] |
[a] |
[eʔ] |
[eʔ] |
[ɛ] |
[ɛ] |
[eʔ]
|
*ueʔ |
[uiʔ] |
[uiʔ] |
[ueʔ] |
[ue] |
[ueʔ] |
[ueʔ] |
[uɛ] |
[ue] |
[ueʔ]
|
*et |
[it] |
[it] |
[it] |
[eʔ] |
[ek] |
[ek] |
[ik] |
[ek]? |
[ek]?
|
*ø |
[e] |
[ə] |
[e] |
[ue] |
[o] |
[o] |
[ɛ] |
[e] |
[e]
|
*uø |
[e] |
[ə] |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[uɛ] |
[ue] |
[ue]
|
*øm |
[im]? |
[əm] |
[ɔm] |
[aŋ] |
[im]? |
[im]? |
[im]? |
? |
?
|
*øʔ |
[eʔ] |
[əʔ] |
[eʔ] |
[ue] |
[oʔ] |
[oʔ] |
[ɔi] |
[e] |
[oiʔ]
|
*uøʔ |
[eʔ] |
[əʔ] |
[ueʔ] |
[ue] |
[ueʔ] |
[ueʔ] |
[uɛ] |
[ue] |
[ueʔ]
|
*i |
[i] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i]
|
*ui |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui]
|
*ĩ |
[ĩ] |
[ĩ] |
[ĩ] |
[iŋ] |
[ĩ] |
[ĩ] |
[i] |
[i] |
[i]
|
*uĩ |
bilabial |
[ŋ] |
[ŋ] |
[uĩ] |
[ŋ] |
[uŋ] |
[ɯŋ] |
[ui] |
[ui] |
[ui]
|
glottal, zero |
[uŋ] |
[ŋ] |
[ŋ]
|
elsewhere |
[ɯŋ] |
[ɯŋ]
|
*im |
[im] |
[im] |
[im] |
[eŋ] |
[im] |
[im] |
[im] |
[im] |
[im]
|
*in |
[in] |
[in] |
[in] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[ieŋ] |
[in] |
[in]
|
*iŋ |
[iŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[iŋ ~ eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ]
|
*iʔ |
[iʔ] |
[iʔ] |
[iʔ] |
[i] |
[iʔ] |
[iʔ] |
[i] |
[i] |
[iʔ]
|
*ip |
[ip] |
[ip] |
[ip] |
[eʔ] |
[ip] |
[ip] |
[ip] |
[ip] |
[ip]
|
*it |
[it] |
[it] |
[it] |
[eʔ] |
[ek] |
[ik] |
[iek] |
[it] |
[it]
|
*ik |
[ik] |
[iak] |
[ik] |
[eʔ] |
[ek] |
[ek] |
[ik ~ ek] |
[ek] |
[ek]
|
*ɿ |
[u] |
[ɯ] |
[u] |
[ɤ] |
[ɯ] |
[u] |
[u] |
[i]? |
[e]?
|
*o |
[o] |
[o] |
[o] |
[ɤ] |
[o] |
[o] |
[ɔ] |
[o] |
[o]
|
*oi |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[e] |
[e] |
[oi] |
[oi] |
[ɔi] |
[ɔi] |
[oi]
|
*ou |
[ɔ] |
[ɔ] |
[ɔ] |
[u] |
[ou] |
[ou] |
[ɛu] |
[ɔu] |
[ou]
|
*io |
[io] |
[io] |
[io] |
[iɤ] |
[io] |
[io] |
[iɔ] |
[io] |
[io]
|
*uo |
[o] |
[o] |
[o] |
[ɔ] |
[o] |
[o] |
[ɔ] |
[o] |
[o]
|
*ioi |
[ue] |
[ue] |
[e] |
[iɔ]? |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[ɔi] |
[iu] |
[iu]
|
*õ |
nasal |
[ŋ] |
[ŋ] |
[ɔ̃] |
[ŋ] |
[o] |
[o] |
[ɔ] |
[o] |
[o]
|
zero |
[ŋ] |
[ŋ] |
[ŋ]
|
elsewhere |
[ɯŋ] |
[ɯŋ]
|
*õi |
labial, alveolar |
[iŋ] |
[uĩ] |
[an] |
[iŋ] |
[ãi] |
[ãi] |
[ai] |
[ai] |
[ai]
|
velar |
[õi]
|
elsewhere |
[iŋ]
|
*iõ |
nasal |
[iũ] |
[iũ] |
[iɔ̃] |
[iŋ] |
[io] |
[io] |
[iɔ] |
[io] |
[io]
|
elsewhere |
[iõ] |
[iõ]
|
*uõi |
[uãi] |
[uĩ] |
[uãi] |
[uŋ] |
[uĩ] |
[uãi] |
[uai] |
[ɔi] |
[uai]
|
*oŋ |
[ɔŋ] |
[ɔŋ] |
[ɔŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[ɔŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[oŋ]
|
*ioŋ |
alveolar sibilant |
[iɔŋ] |
[iɔŋ] |
[iɔŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[oŋ] |
[ɔŋ] |
? |
?
|
elsewhere |
[ioŋ] |
[ioŋ] |
[ioŋ] |
[iɔŋ] |
? |
?
|
*uoŋ |
[ɔŋ] |
[uaŋ ~ ɔŋ] |
[ɔŋ] |
[uaŋ ~ oŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ] |
[uaŋ]
|
*oʔ |
[oʔ] |
[oʔ] |
[oʔ] |
[ɤ] |
[oʔ] |
[oʔ] |
[ɔ] |
[o] |
[oʔ]
|
*oiʔ |
[ueʔ] |
[ueʔ] |
[eʔ] |
[e] |
[oiʔ] |
[oiʔ] |
[ɔi] |
[ɔi ~ e] |
[oiʔ]
|
*ioʔ |
[ioʔ] |
[ioʔ] |
[ioʔ] |
[iɤ] |
[ioʔ] |
[ioʔ] |
[iɔ] |
[io] |
[ioʔ]
|
*ok |
[ɔk] |
[ɔk] |
[ɔk] |
[oʔ] |
[ok] |
[ok] |
[ɔk] |
[ok] |
[ok]
|
*iok |
[iɔk] |
[iɔk] |
[iɔk] |
[oʔ] |
[ok] |
[ok] |
[ɔk] |
? |
?
|
*uok |
alveolar sibilant |
[ɔk] |
[ɔk] |
[ɔk] |
[oʔ] |
[uak] |
[uak] |
[uak] |
? |
[ok]
|
elsewhere |
[ak] |
[ak] |
[ɔk]
|
*ɯ |
alveolar stop |
[u] |
[ɯ] |
[i] |
[ui] |
[ɯ] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u]
|
elsewhere |
[i]
|
*ɯn |
[un] |
[un] |
[in] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[ieŋ] |
[in] |
[in]
|
*ɯŋ |
zero |
[iŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[iŋ] |
[ioŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[eŋ] |
[iaŋ] |
[iaŋ] |
[iaŋ]
|
elsewhere |
[oŋ]
|
*ɯk |
zero |
[ik] |
[iak] |
[ik] |
[ioʔ] |
[ek] |
[ek] |
[iak] |
[iak] |
[iak]
|
elsewhere |
[oʔ]
|
*u |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u] |
[u]
|
*iu |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu] |
[iu]
|
*un |
[un] |
[un] |
[un] |
[ueŋ] |
[uŋ] |
[uŋ] |
[uŋ] |
[un] |
[un]
|
*uʔ |
[uʔ] |
[uʔ] |
[uʔ] |
[oʔ]? |
[oʔ ~ uʔ]? |
[oʔ]? |
[ɔ ~ u]? |
[u] |
[uʔ] |
[oʔ] or [ɔ] are probably from *oʔ rather than from *uʔ
|
*ut |
[ut] |
[ut] |
[ut] |
[oʔ] |
[uk] |
[uk] |
[uk] |
[ut] |
[ut]
|
*m |
[m] |
[m] |
[m] |
[ŋ] |
[m] |
[m] |
? |
? |
?
|
*iaŋ |
[iaŋ] |
? |
[iaŋ] |
? |
? |
? |
[iaŋ] |
[iaŋ] |
[iaŋ] |
Not listed as a rime in chapter 3, but used in the reconstruction of 雙/双
|
Character |
Gloss |
PSM |
XM |
QZ |
ZZ |
DT |
JY |
CY |
LZ |
HK |
WC
|
雙 |
pair (of shoes) |
*s(i)aŋ¹ |
[siaŋ¹] |
[saŋ¹] |
[siaŋ¹] |
[saŋ¹] |
[saŋ¹] |
[saŋ¹] |
[siaŋ¹] |
[tiaŋ¹] |
[tiaŋ¹]
|
鉎 |
rust |
*s(i)an¹ |
[sian¹] |
[san¹] |
[sian¹] |
? |
[saŋ¹] |
? |
[saŋ¹] |
[taŋ¹] |
[tan¹]
|
相同 |
same |
*sio¹ taŋ² |
[siaŋ²] |
[saŋ²] |
--- |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
?
|
齊 |
complete, regular |
*ts(i)au² |
[tsiau²] |
[tsau²] |
[tsiau²] |
[tsɔ²] |
[tsau²] |
? |
[tsiau²] |
[tsiau²] |
?
|
撨 |
to adjust |
*tsʰ(i)au² |
[tsʰiau²] |
[tsʰau²] |
[tsʰiau²] |
? |
[tsʰau²] |
? |
[tsʰiau²] |
? |
?
|
Character |
Gloss |
PSM |
XM |
QZ |
ZZ |
DT |
JY |
CY |
LZ |
HK |
WC
|
煙 |
smoke |
*i(a)n¹ |
[ian¹] |
[ian¹] |
[ian¹] |
? |
[eŋ¹] |
? |
[ieŋ¹] |
[in¹] |
[in¹]
|
沿 |
layer, pile |
*i(a)n² |
[ian²] |
? |
[ian²] |
? |
[eŋ²] |
? |
? |
[in²] |
?
|
免* |
to avoid |
*mi(a)n³ (*mian³ in Kwok) |
[bian³] |
[bian³] |
[bian³] |
[biaŋ³] |
[miaŋ³ ~ meŋ³] |
[miaŋ³] |
[mieŋ³] |
[min³] |
[min³]
|
現* |
now |
*hi(a)n⁶ |
[hian⁶] |
[hian⁵] |
[hian⁶] |
? |
[heŋ⁶] |
[hiaŋ⁶] |
[hieŋ¹] |
[hin¹] |
?
|
輦* |
wheel |
*li(a)n³ |
[lian³] |
[lian³] |
[lian³] |
? |
[leŋ³] |
? |
? |
? |
?
|
腎 |
gizzard |
*ki(a)n⁴ *kɯn⁴ ~ *kian⁴ |
[kian⁶] |
[kian⁴] |
[kin⁶] |
? |
[keŋ⁴] |
? |
[kieŋ⁴] |
[kin⁶] |
[kin⁶]
|
Yue loans in Leizhou and Hainanese
[edit]
Character |
Gloss |
Leizhou |
Haikou |
Cantonese
|
禁 |
durable |
[kʰam⁷] |
- |
[kʰɐm¹]
|
啱 |
suitable |
[ŋam⁷] |
[ŋam⁷] |
[ŋam¹]
|
踭 |
elbow |
[tsaŋ⁷] |
- |
[tsaŋ¹]
|
燶 |
burnt |
[nɔŋ⁷] |
- |
[nʊŋ¹]
|
壅 |
bury |
[ɔŋ⁷] |
- |
[ʊŋ¹]
|
打 |
dozen |
[ta⁷] |
[ta⁷] |
[ta¹]
|
褸 |
coat |
[lau⁷] |
[lau⁷] |
[lɐu¹]
|
嘥 |
waste |
[sai⁷] |
[sai⁷] |
[sai¹]
|
慳 |
conserve |
[haŋ⁷] |
- |
[han¹]
|
呃 |
deceive |
[ŋak⁷] |
- |
[ŋak¹]
|
炆 |
to braise |
[maŋ⁷] |
- |
[mɐn¹]
|
闊佬 |
rich man |
[pʰuk⁸ lau³] |
- |
[fut⁷ᴮ lou³]
|
冷 |
woollen yarn |
[laŋ⁷] |
[laŋ⁷] |
[laŋ¹]
|
Leizhou-Hainan connections
[edit]
Character |
Gloss |
Leizhou |
Haikou |
Wenchang
|
戇 |
foolish; dull-witted |
[ŋaŋ³] |
[ŋaŋ³] |
[ŋaŋ³]
|
弄 |
to play |
[lam⁵] |
[nam⁵] |
[nam⁵]
|
嗎 |
sunken |
[ma⁷] |
[ma⁸ᶫ] |
?
|
嗎 |
to approach |
[ma⁷] |
[ma⁸ᶫ] |
?
|
膽 |
to wind around |
[ta³] |
[ɗa³] |
?
|
覓 |
to seek |
[tuɛ⁵] |
[ɗue⁵] |
[ɗue⁵]
|
杖 |
stick; staff; rod |
[tʰɔ⁴] |
? |
[xoʔ⁸]
|
孧 |
small |
[niau⁷] |
[niau⁸ᶫ] |
[niau⁶]
|
雹 |
hail |
[tʰak⁸] |
? |
[ɦak⁸]
|
Character |
Gloss |
PSM |
Leizhou |
Haikou |
Wenchang
|
厝 |
house |
*tsʰu⁵ |
[tsʰu⁵] |
[siu⁵] |
[su⁵]
|
鼠 |
rat |
*tsʰɯ³ |
[tsʰu³] |
[siu³] |
[siu³]
|
臭 |
smelly |
*tsʰau⁵ ~ *tsʰiau⁵ |
[tsʰiau⁵] |
[siau⁵] |
[siau⁵]
|