deren

See also: Deren, dereń, and Dereń

Basque

Noun

deren

1. genitive indefinite of de

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch dēren, from Old Dutch deren, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdeːrə(n)/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: de‧ren
• Rhymes: -eːrən

Verb

deren

1. (transitive) to harm

Conjugation

Conjugation of deren (weak)
infinitive	deren
past singular	deerde
past participle	gedeerd
infinitive	deren
gerund	deren n
	present tense	past tense
1st person singular	deer	deerde
2nd person sing. (jij)	deert, deer2	deerde
2nd person sing. (u)	deert	deerde
2nd person sing. (gij)	deert	deerde
3rd person singular	deert	deerde
plural	deren	deerden
subjunctive sing.1	dere	deerde
subjunctive plur.1	deren	deerden
imperative sing.	deer
imperative plur.1	deert
participles	derend	gedeerd
1) Archaic. 2) In case of inversion.

Related terms

• deerlijk
• ongedeerd

Galician

Verb

deren

1. third-person plural future subjunctive of dar

German

Alternative forms

• dero

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdeːʁən/, /ˈdeːɐ̯n/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eːʀən

Pronoun

deren (relative or demonstrative)

1. inflection of der:
   1. genitive feminine singular
   2. genitive plural
   3. (relative) whose, of which
   4. (demonstrative) her, their, the latter's

Usage notes

Among unexercised users of formal standard German, one can frequently read or hear dessen when deren would be correct (or occasionally vice versa), since either of these forms is missing in some vernaculars.

General guidelines for derer vs. deren

Derer is used:

1) When following a noun

Programme, im Rahmen derer ― Programs, in the framework of which

2) When referring to a subject later in the sentence

Das Schicksal derer, die gelitten haben ― The fate of those who have suffered

Deren is used:

1) Before a noun

Kinder, deren Eltern getrennt leben ― Children whose parents live separately

Programme, in deren Rahmen ― Programs, in the framework of which

2) When used as a partitive genitive (such usage is often replaced by von denen or davon)

Es sind deren viele ― There are many of them

Zwei Schwestern, deren nur eine von der anderen weiß ― Two sisters, of whom only one knows of the other

Otherwise, both derer and deren are used.

Die Verbrechen, deren / derer sie beschuldigt wurde ― The crimes of which she was accused

Die Zeitspanne, außerhalb deren / derer ― The time span outside of which

When used in a series of nouns, deren refers back to the noun immediately preceding it. Consider these sentences:

Sie haben ihre Freunde und ihren Sohn eingeladen.

They have invited their friends and their son.

vs.

Sie haben ihre Freunde und deren Sohn eingeladen.

They have invited their friends and their (friends') son.

The first sentence relates that the inviting family has a son; thus, they invite friends and that son. In the second sentence, the family invites their friends and a son of the invited family. Compare this behaviour with Ukrainian свій and Ukrainian possessive pronouns:

Вони запросили своїх друзів і свого сина.

vs.

Вони запросили своїх друзів і їхнього сина.

Declension

Declension of der (relative pronoun)

	singular			plural
	m	f	n
nominative	der	die	das	die
genitive	dessen	deren derer	dessen	deren derer
dative	dem	der	dem	denen
accusative	den	die	das	die

Further reading

• “Demonstrativ­­pronomen: „deren“ oder „derer“?”, in Duden‎^[1], August 2024 (last accessed), archived from the original on 21 October 2021
• Dr. Bopp (2018), “Zwei Wörter, aufgrund deren/derer manche ins Zweifeln geraten”, in Leo (the blog)‎^[2] (in German), archived from the original on 26 August 2020, retrieved August 2024

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch deren, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan.

Verb

dēren

1. to harm, to hurt
2. to hurt emotionally
3. to damage

Inflection

Conjugation of dēren (weak)

infinitive	base form	dēren
	genitive	dērens
	dative	dērene
		indicative			subjunctive
		present	past		present	past
1st person singular		dēre	—		dēre	—
2nd person singular		dēers, dēres	—		dēers, dēres	—
3rd person singular		dēert, dēret	—		dēre	—
1st person plural		dēren	—		dēren	—
2nd person plural		dēert, dēret	—		dēert, dēret	—
3rd person plural		dēren	—		dēren	—
		imperative
singular		dēer, dēre
plural		dēert, dēret
		present	past
participle		dērende	—

Alternative forms

• dāren

Descendants

• Dutch: deren
• Limburgish: dere, dieëre

Further reading

• “deren (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “daren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page daren
• Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “deren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Middle English

Alternative forms

• deere, dere, derie
• derien, deriȝen (Early Middle English); deare, derre (Late Middle English)
• derye (Kent, West Midland); deryn (Norfolk); deyre (West Riding)

Etymology

Inherited from Old English derian, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan, from *daru (“injury”) +‎ *-jan; by surface analysis, dere (“harm”) +‎ -en (infinitive suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɛ̞ːrən/

Verb

deren (third-person singular simple present dereth, present participle derynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dered) (poetic)

1. (ambitransitive) To damage or harm:
   1. To injure or hurt; to harm the body.
   2. To scare or frighten; to cause fear.
2. (transitive) To stop or prevent.

Conjugation

Conjugation of deren (weak in -ede)

infinitive	(to) deren, dere
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	dere	dered(e)
2nd-person singular	derest	deredest
3rd-person singular	dereth	dered(e)
subjunctive singular	dere
imperative singular		—
plural1	deren, dere	dereden, dered(e)
imperative plural	dereth, dere	—
participles	derynge, derende	dered, ydered

¹ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

Descendants

• English: dere, dare, deare (obsolete)
• Middle Scots: dere, deir
  • >? Scots: deer, dere

References

• “dēren, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *darjan.

Verb

deren

1. to harm, to hurt
   • Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;

     Unson lichamen maht tu daren, the sielen solen zo genathen uaren.

     You can hurt our bodies, the souls will go to (the state of) grace.

2. to damage

Inflection

Conjugation of deren (weak class 1)

infinitive	deren
indicative	present	past
1st person singular	dero, deron	derida
2nd person singular	deris	deridos
3rd person singular	derit	derida
1st person plural	derun	deridon
2nd person plural	derit	deridot
3rd person plural	derunt	deridon
subjunctive	present	past
1st person singular	dere	deridi
2nd person singular	deris	deridis
3rd person singular	dere	deridi
1st person plural	derin	deridin
2nd person plural	derit	deridit
3rd person plural	derin	deridin
imperative	present
singular	deri
plural	derit
participle	present	past
	derendi	derit, giderit

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: deren
  • Dutch: deren
  • Limburgish: dere, dieëre

See also

• daron

Further reading

• “deren”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Sora

Etymology

de + -ren ("forest")

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dereŋ/

Noun

deren

1. horn