keras

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Estonian[edit]

Noun[edit]

keras

  1. inessive singular of kera

Indonesian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /kəˈras/
  • Hyphenation: ke‧ras

Adjective[edit]

kêras

  1. hard,
    1. (of material) Resistant to pressure.
      Roti itu terlalu keras untuk dipotong.
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      Synonym: kuat
    2. (figurative) Demanding a lot of effort to endure.
      Ia baru menyadari kerasnya kehidupan ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      Synonyms: pelik, sulit, susah
      Antonyms: gampang, mudah
    3. (figurative) Severe, harsh.
      kata-kata keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      Antonym: lembut
    4. (of drugs, figurative) Having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient; strong.
      Obat keras. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    5. (of a man, figurative) Having an erect penis; erect.
      Synonyms: bangun, ereksi, tegang
      Antonyms: lembek, loyo, tidur
  2. strong
    1. (of wind, figurative) Having a lot of power.
      Synonyms: cepat, kencang
      Antonym: pelan
    2. (of disease or symptom, figurative) Very bad or intense; severe.
      Ia sakit keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      Synonyms: parah, payah
      Antonym: ringan
    3. (figurative) Having an offensive or intense odor.
  3. (material state) rigid; firm; stiff.
    Ototnya sangat keras dan alot. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Antonym: lembut
  4. (of foods, figurative) Difficult to cut or chew; tough.
    Synonyms: kenyal, liat
  5. (figurative) Likely to use physical force; violent.
    Ia menarik secara keras kedua tangan anaknya yang menangis meronta-ronta ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Synonym: kuat
    Antonym: pelan
  6. (of a sound, figurative) Of great intensity; loud.
    Suaranya sangat keras sehingga menggangu orang lain. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Synonyms: kuat, nyaring
    Antonyms: lembut, pelan
  7. (of water current, figurative) Moving with great speed; fast.
    Synonym: deras
  8. (of rainfall, figurative) very heavy
  9. (of opinion, figurative) fixed
  10. (of price, figurative) With speed; in a rapid manner; rapidly.
  11. (of cigarettes, figurative) Likely cause dizziness
    Synonym: berat
    Antonym: ringan
  12. strong, strict and seriously

Hyponyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Lithuanian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)er(H)-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kory (“root”) and Latvian cȩrs (“bush, knotty root of a tree”).

Pronunciation[edit]

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Noun[edit]

kẽras m (plural keraĩ) stress pattern 4

  1. bush, shrub
Declension[edit]
Declension of kẽras
singular (vienaskaita) plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) kẽras keraĩ
genitive (kilmininkas) kẽro kerų̃
dative (naudininkas) kẽrui keráms
accusative (galininkas) kẽrą kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas) kerù keraĩs
locative (vietininkas) kerè keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas) kẽre keraĩ

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”).

Noun[edit]

kẽras m (plural keraĩ) stress pattern 4

  1. divination, sorcery, enchantment
Declension[edit]
Declension of kẽras
singular (vienaskaita) plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) kẽras keraĩ
genitive (kilmininkas) kẽro kerų̃
dative (naudininkas) kẽrui keráms
accusative (galininkas) kẽrą kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas) kerù keraĩs
locative (vietininkas) kerè keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas) kẽre keraĩ

References[edit]

  • “keras”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
  • Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 78f; 237

Malay[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

kĕras (Jawi spelling کرس)

  1. hard, stiff
  2. rigid, inflexible
  3. obstinate

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

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