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keras

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Estonian

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Noun

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keras

  1. inessive singular of kera

Indonesian

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Etymology

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From Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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kêras (comparative lebih keras, superlative paling keras)

  1. hard,
    1. (of material) resistant to pressure
      Roti itu terlalu keras untuk dipotong.
      That bread is too hard to cut
      Synonym: kuat
    2. (figurative) demanding a lot of effort to endure
      Ia baru menyadari kerasnya kehidupanHe just realized how hard life is
      Synonyms: pelik, sulit, susah
      Antonyms: gampang, mudah
    3. (figurative) severe, harsh
      kata-kata kerasharsh words
      Antonym: lembut
    4. (of drugs, figurative) having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient; strong
      Obat keras.Hard drugs.
    5. (of a man, figurative) having an erect penis; erect
      Synonyms: bangun, ereksi, tegang
      Antonyms: lembek, loyo, tidur
  2. strong
    1. (of wind, figurative) having a lot of power
      Synonyms: cepat, kencang
      Antonym: pelan
    2. (of disease or symptom, figurative) very bad or intense; severe
      Ia sakit keras(please add an English translation of this usage example)
      Synonyms: parah, payah
      Antonym: ringan
    3. (figurative) having an offensive or intense odor
  3. (material state) rigid; firm; stiff
    Ototnya sangat keras dan alot.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Antonym: lembut
  4. (of foods, figurative) difficult to cut or chew; tough
    Synonyms: kenyal, liat
  5. (figurative) likely to use physical force; violent
    Ia menarik secara keras kedua tangan anaknya yang menangis meronta-ronta(please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Synonym: kuat
    Antonym: pelan
  6. (of a sound, figurative) of great intensity; loud
    Suaranya sangat keras sehingga menggangu orang lain.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Synonyms: kuat, nyaring
    Antonyms: lembut, pelan
  7. (of water current, figurative) moving with great speed; fast
    Synonym: deras
  8. (of rainfall, figurative) very heavy
  9. (of opinion, figurative) fixed
  10. (of price, figurative) with speed; in a rapid manner; rapidly
  11. (of cigarettes, figurative) likely cause dizziness
    Synonym: berat
    Antonym: ringan
  12. strong, strict and seriously

Hyponyms

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Derived terms

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Further reading

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Lithuanian

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)er(H)-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kory (root) and Latvian cȩrs (bush, knotty root of a tree).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kẽras m (plural kerai̇̃) stress pattern 4

  1. bush, shrub
Declension
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Declension of kẽras
singular
(vienaskaita)
plural
(daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) kẽras kerai̇̃
genitive (kilmininkas) kẽro kerų̃
dative (naudininkas) kẽrui keráms
accusative (galininkas) kẽrą kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas) kerù kerai̇̃s
locative (vietininkas) kerè keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas) kẽre kerai̇̃

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čarъ (magic, sorcery).

Noun

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kẽras m (plural kerai̇̃) stress pattern 4

  1. divination, sorcery, enchantment
Declension
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Declension of kẽras
singular
(vienaskaita)
plural
(daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) kẽras kerai̇̃
genitive (kilmininkas) kẽro kerų̃
dative (naudininkas) kẽrui keráms
accusative (galininkas) kẽrą kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas) kerù kerai̇̃s
locative (vietininkas) kerè keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas) kẽre kerai̇̃

References

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  • keras”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
  • Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78f; 237

Malay

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Etymology

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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kĕras (Jawi spelling کرس)

  1. hard, stiff
  2. rigid, inflexible
  3. obstinate

Derived terms

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Further reading

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