penal

See also: pénal

English

Alternative forms

• pænal (archaic, hypercorrect)
• pænall (obsolete, hypercorrect)
• penall (obsolete)
• pœnal (archaic)
• pœnall (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old French peinal, from Medieval Latin penalis, from Latin poenalis, from poena (“punishment”), from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “punishment”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpiːnəl/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iːnəl

Adjective

penal (not comparable)

1. Of or relating to punishment.

   penal servitude

2. Subject to punishment; punishable.

   a penal offence

3. Serving as a place of punishment.

   a penal colony

4. Exorbitant.

   a penal rate of interest.

Derived terms

• penally

Related terms

• penality (rare)
• penalty
• penalize

Translations

of or relating to punishment

• Arabic: جَزَائِيّ‎ (jazāʾiyy), عِقَابِيّ‎ (ʿiqābiyy)
• Belarusian: ка́рны (kárny), штрафны́ (štrafný)
• Bulgarian: наказа́телен (bg) (nakazátelen)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 刑罰的 (zh), 刑罚的 (zh) (xíngfá de), 刑事的 (zh) (xíngshì de)

• Danish: pønal, straffe-
• Esperanto: prizona, puna
• Finnish: rangaistus- (fi)
• French: pénal (fr)

• German: strafrechtlich (de)
• Japanese: 刑罰の (ja) (けいばつの, keibatsu no), 刑事上の (けいじじょうの, keijijō no)
• Korean: 형벌의 (hyeongbeorui)
• Polish: karny (pl)
• Portuguese: penal (pt)
• Russian: кара́тельный (ru) (karátelʹnyj), штрафно́й (ru) (štrafnój), каторжный (ru) (katoržnyj)
• Ukrainian: ка́рний (kárnyj), штрафни́й (štrafnýj), кара́льний (karálʹnyj)

Anagrams

• 'plane, Alpen, Nepal, Palen, Plean, palen, panel, plane, plena

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Catalan

Etymology

From pena +‎ -al.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /pəˈnal/
• (Valencian) IPA^(key): /peˈnal/
• Rhymes: -al

Adjective

penal (masculine and feminine plural penals)

1. penal, criminal

Derived terms

• colònia penal
• penalitzar

Further reading

• “penal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “penal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2022
• “penal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “penal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

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Galician

palloza (thatched house) in eastern Galicia. Note the penais.

Etymology 1

14th century. From pena (“stone”) +‎ -al.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnal/

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. shorter, lateral wall of a house
   • 1429, M. Lucas Alvarez & M. J. Justo Martín (eds.), Fontes documentais da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Pergameos da serie Bens do Arquivo Histórico Universitario (Anos 1237-1537). Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 307:

     huna estrema de boa parede des lo canto mays de baixo do penal da dita casa [...] asta huna crus (+) que asignalamos e fezemos por marqua e deuision enna parede da orta de vos o dito liçençiado e vosos yrmâôs

     [We shall build]] a boundary, made of good wall, from the extreme of the lateral wall of that house [...] till a cross (+) that we have signalled and done as mark and division in the wall of the garden that belongs to you, the aforementioned lawyer, and to your brothers

2. supporting wall

   Synonym: parede mestra

3. each one of the slabs which tops a wall to protect it from the rain
4. eaves

   Synonyms: beirado, beiril, sobrepena, sopena, topete

Etymology 2

From Late Latin poenalis (“penal”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnal/

Adjective

penal m or f (plural penais)

1. penal (of or relating to punishment)

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. prison

   Synonyms: cadea, cárcere, trenla

References

• “penal” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
• “penal” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
• “penal” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
• “penal” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
• “penal” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

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Ladin

Adjective

penal m (feminine singular penala, masculine plural penai, feminine plural penales)

1. penal

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Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Brazil) /peˈnaw/, [peˈnaʊ̯]

• IPA^(key): (Portugal) /pɨˈnal/, [pɨˈnaɫ]

• Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
• Hyphenation: pe‧nal

Etymology 1

From Latin poenalis. By surface analysis, pena +‎ -al.

Adjective

penal m or f (plural penais)

1. penal (related to punishment, often in legal context)

Derived terms

• penalmente

Etymology 2

From German Pennal, from Latin pennale, from penna (“feather”). Likely reinforced by Ukrainian and Russian пенал (penal).

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. (Paraná, regionalism) pencil case

   Synonym: estojo

Etymology 3

From pênalti.

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. (Brazil, soccer) penalty

   Synonym: (Portugal) penálti

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Romanian

Etymology

From Latin poenalis or French pénal.

Adjective

penal m or n (feminine singular penală, masculine plural penali, feminine and neuter plural penale)

1. penal

Declension

Declension of penal

		singular			plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative/ accusative	indefinite	penal		penală	penali	penale
	definite	penalul		penala	penalii	penalele
genitive/ dative	indefinite	penal		penale	penali	penale
	definite	penalului		penalei	penalilor	penalelor

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Spanish

Etymology

From Late Latin poenālis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnal/, [peˈnal]
• Rhymes: -al

Adjective

penal (plural penales)

1. penal

Noun

penal m (plural penales)

1. a kind of prison
2. (soccer) penalty

Derived terms

• antecedentes penales
• colonia penal
• derecho penal
• penalizar
• penalización
• penalmente

Related terms

• pena

Anagrams

• Nepal, panel, plena

Further reading

• “penal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014