-al

See also: Appendix:Variations of "al"

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English -al, from the Latin adjective suffix -ālis, or French, Middle French and Old French -el, -al. Likely, the aforementioned Latin suffix is formed from Etruscan genitive suffix -l (as in Etruscan ati (“mother”) / atial (“mother's”)) + adjectival suffix -is (as in fortis, dēbilis, etc.).

Alternative forms

• -all (obsolete)
• -ual

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əl/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

Suffix

-al

1. Of or pertaining to. Adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also.

   ‎base + ‎-al → ‎basal

   ‎cranium + ‎-al → ‎cranial

2. Forming nouns, especially of verbal action.

   ‎propose + ‎-al → ‎proposal

   ‎deny + ‎-al → ‎denial

   ‎bestow + ‎-al → ‎bestowal

Usage notes

If the root word contains l, the variant -ar is often used instead (e.g. solar, lunar, columnar, lumbar), unless the root contains r after the l (lateral, plural). Sometimes both forms are found: linear, lineal. One also sees -ial, as in manorial.

As nominalizer, some verbs have two corresponding nouns, one ending in -al and the other in -tion/-sion (more common suffix), with one or the other being more common, sometimes with different nuances. Notable examples: disposition/disposal (dispose), proposition/proposal (propose), submission/submittal (submit), transmission/transmittal (transmit). Some superficial pairs are actually of different origin, notably reversion/reversal (revert/reverse, not both from reverse).

Derived terms

• (of or pertaining to): Category:English words suffixed with -al
• (forming nouns, especially of verbal action.): arousal, arrival, bestowal, betrothal, denial, disposal, proposal, rental, rival, reversal, removal, subdual, submittal, transmittal
• -ical

See also

• -an
• -ar
• -ate
• -esque
• -ese
• -id
• -ian
• -ing
• -ish

• -like
• -oid
• -ory
• -ous
• -ship
• -tion (-ion, -sion)
• -ure
• -y

Etymology 2

Extracted from the word aldehyde.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /æl/

Suffix

-al

1. (organic chemistry) Forms the names of aldehydes.

Translations

aldehyde

• Danish: -al
• Dutch: -al (nl)

• Galician: -al (gl)
• Hungarian: -al
• Swedish: -al (sv)

Anagrams

• L. A., L.A., LA, La, La-, La., la, lä

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Abenaki

Suffix

-al

1. A suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words.

   pessimen (“currant”) → pessimenal (“currants”)

   wôbigen (“it is white”) → wôbigenal (“they are white”)

Usage notes

• -al is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words, including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a.
• See the usage notes at -ak.

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Catalan

Etymology

From Latin -ālis.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈ-al/

Suffix

-al (masculine and feminine plural -als)

1. In adjectives, indicating relation.

   estructura (“structure”) → estructural (“structural”).

Derived terms

Catalan words suffixed with -al

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Danish

Suffix

-al

1. (organic chemistry) -al

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Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑl/

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-al

1. (organic chemistry) -al

Synonyms

• oxo-

Derived terms

Dutch words suffixed with -al

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Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-al

1. for [...] reason (ending for correlatives of reason)

Derived terms

• alial (“for another reason”)
• ĉial (“for every reason”)
• ial (“for any/some reason”)
• kial (“for what reason, why”)
• nenial (“for no reason”)
• tial (“for that reason, therefore”)

 

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French

Etymology

From Middle French -al, from Old French -al, borrowed from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -el, which is inherited.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /al/

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-al m (feminine -ale) (feminine plural: -ales; masculine plural: -aux;)

1. -al (of or pertaining to; adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also)

Descendants

• Norwegian Bokmål: -al
• → Turkish: -al (learned)

Derived terms

French words suffixed with -al

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German

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ālis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [aːl]

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-al

1. pertaining to, using; adjectival suffix appended to nouns

Derived terms

German words suffixed with -al

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Hungarian

Etymology

-a- + -l

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɒl]

Suffix

-al

1. (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb.

   szárny (“a wing”) → szárnyal (“to soar”)

2. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun (no longer productive in this role).

   von (“to pull”) → vonal (“line”)

3. (organic chemistry) -al (forms the names of aldehydes)

   etanal ― ethanal

Usage notes

• (verb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.

  -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.

• (noun-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -al is added to back-vowel words

  -el is added to front-vowel words

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -al

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -al

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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K'iche'

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aːl/

Suffix

-al

1. Forms nouns from adjectives

   ‎tew (“cold”) + ‎-al → ‎tewal (“coldness”)

   ‎k’ak’ (“new”) + ‎-al → ‎k’ak’al (“youngster”)

2. Forms nouns from -aj verb suffix

   ‎mujaj (“to shade”) + ‎-al → ‎mujaj (“shadow”)

   ‎q’ebaj (“to go across”) + ‎-al → ‎q’ebal (“large earthen jar”)

3. Forms nouns from adverbs

   ‎nojim (“slowly”) + ‎-al → ‎nojimal (“slowness”)

   ‎nabe (“firstly”) + ‎-al → ‎nabeal (“firstborn”)

4. Forms nouns from nouns

   ‎k’o’x (“gourd cup”) + ‎-al → ‎k’o’xal (“shell of a dead animal”)

   ‎süb (“tamalito of corn”) + ‎-al → ‎sübal (“pot for making tamales”)

References

• Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary

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Latin

Alternative forms

• -āle
• -ar, -āre (when preceded by l)

Etymology

From apocope of final e in -āle, neuter of -ālis.

Suffix

-al n (genitive -ālis); third declension

1. noun-forming suffix

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-al	-ālia
Genitive	-ālis	-ālium
Dative	-ālī	-ālibus
Accusative	-al	-ālia
Ablative	-ālī	-ālibus
Vocative	-al	-ālia

Derived terms

Latin words suffixed with -al

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Lepontic

Suffix

-al • (-al)

1. Romanization of -𐌀𐌋

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Manx

Alternative forms

• -ail

Etymology 1

Extracted from goaill.

Suffix

-al f

1. suffix used to form verbal nouns

Etymology 2

Extracted from goaill.

Suffix

-al

1. suffix used productively to form denominative verbs and their associated verbal nouns

   ‎yiarn (“iron”) + ‎-al → ‎yiarnal (“to iron”)

   ‎post (“post”) + ‎-al → ‎postal (“to post”)

Etymology 3

From Middle Irish -amail (compare Irish -úil, Scottish Gaelic -ail, -eil), from Old Irish -amail.

Suffix

-al

1. An adjectival suffix applied to various words, usually nouns, to make an adjective.

See also

• -ee

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Middle English

Alternative forms

• -ale, -all, -alle, -eel, -el, -ele, -ell, -elle

Etymology

Borrowed from Old French -al, -el and its source Latin -ālis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-al/, /-aːl/, /-ɛl/, /-ɛːl/

Suffix

-al

1. (not productive) Forms adjectives from Latin and Romance vocabulary.

Derived terms

Middle English words suffixed with -al

Descendants

• English: -al
• Scots: -al

References

• “-al, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

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Munsee

Suffix

-al

1. A suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words.

   síipuw (“river”) → siipúwal (“rivers”)

   máxkeew (“it is red”) → maxkéewal (“they are red”)

Usage notes

• -al is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words, including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a.

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Norman

Etymology

From Old French -al, from Latin -ālis.

Suffix

-al

1. -al (of or pertaining to; adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form)

Derived terms

Norman words suffixed with -al

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Old French

Alternative forms

• -el

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ālis. Compare the inherited -el.

Suffix

-al

1. suffix used to form adjectives from nouns

   mesnal ― domestic; household

   (from mesnee)

Descendants

• Middle French: -al
  • French: -al

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Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-aľь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /al/
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: al

Suffix

-al m

1. Forms masculine nouns, usually augmentative in nature.

   ‎nos + ‎-al → ‎nochal

Declension

Animate/personal:

Declension of -al

	singular	plural
nominative	-al	-ale
genitive	-ala	-ali
dative	-alowi	-alom
accusative	-ala	-ali
instrumental	-alem	-alami
locative	-alu	-alach
vocative	-alu	-ale

Inanimate:

Declension of -al

	singular	plural
nominative	-al	-ale
genitive	-alu	-ali
dative	-alowi	-alom
accusative	-al	-ale
instrumental	-alem	-alami
locative	-alu	-alach
vocative	-alu	-ale

Surnames:

Declension of -al

	singular	plural
nominative	-al	-alowie
genitive	-ala	alów
dative	-alowi	-alom
accusative	-ala	alów
instrumental	-alem	-alami
locative	-alu	-alach
vocative	-alu	-alowie

Derived terms

Polish words suffixed with -al

Further reading

• -al in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• -al in Polish dictionaries at PWN

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Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Brazil) /ˈaw/, [ˈaʊ̯]

• IPA^(key): (Portugal) /ˈal/, [ˈaɫ]

• Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw

Etymology 1

From Old Portuguese -al, from Latin -ālis.

Suffix

-al (plural -ais)

1. appended to noun X, forms adjectives meaning “of or pertaining to X”

   ‎abismo (“abyss”) + ‎-al → ‎abismal (“abyssal; abysmal”)

   ‎indústria (“factory; industry”) + ‎-al → ‎industrial (“industrial”)

   Synonyms: -ar, -ário, -eal, -eiro, -ial, -ico, -inal

2. forms synonyms of adjectives containing the suffix -ico

   ‎angélico (“angelic”) + ‎-al → ‎angelical (“angelical”)

3. appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a collection X” or “a large quantity of X”

   ‎ninho (“nest”) + ‎-al → ‎ninhal (“a bunch of nests”)

   ‎edito (“edict”) + ‎-al → ‎edital (“notice board”)

   Synonym: -ário

4. appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a place where there is plenty of X”

   ‎pedra (“rock”) + ‎-al → ‎pedregal (“a rocky field”)

   ‎colmeia (“beehive”) + ‎-al → ‎colmeal (“a place with many beehives”)

   Synonyms: -açal, -egal, -eiro

5. appended to the name of a plant, forms nouns meaning “a field where that plant is cultivated”

   ‎trigo (“wheat”) + ‎-al → ‎trigal (“wheatfield”)

   ‎sobreiro (“cork oak”) + ‎-al → ‎sobreiral (“an orchard of cork oaks”)

Derived terms

Portuguese words suffixed with -al

Etymology 2

From the first syllable of álcool (“alcohol”) and aldeído (“aldehyde”).

Suffix

-al m

1. (chemistry) forms the names of alcohols
2. (chemistry) forms the names of aldehydes

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Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ālis.

Suffix

-al (plural -ales)

1. In adjectives, indicating relation.

   ‎cultura (“culture”) + ‎-al → ‎cultural (“cultural”)

Suffix

-al m (plural -ales)

1. In nouns, indicating a place where something is grown, or where there is plenty of it.

   ‎maíz (“corn”) + ‎-al → ‎maizal (“corn field”)

   ‎naranja (“orange”) + ‎-al → ‎naranjal (“orange grove”)

   ‎escoria (“scoria”) + ‎-al → ‎escorial (“bed of lava”)

   Synonym: -ar

See also

• -ar
• -ero

Derived terms

Spanish words suffixed with -al

Further reading

• “-al”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

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Swedish

Suffix

-al

1. -al, of or pertaining to; forming an adjective from a noun

Derived terms

Swedish words suffixed with -al

See also

• -ell
• -ig
• -isk
• -lig
• -sam

Anagrams

• l:a, la