puna

See also: Puna, puña, and puñá

Languages (22)

English

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Albanian • Cavineña • Esperanto • Estonian • Finnish • French • Galician • Hawaiian • Ingrian • Māori • Pali • Portuguese • Quechua • Sakizaya • Samoan • Serbo-Croatian • Spanish • Swahili • Tagalog • Votic • Warlpiri

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Page categories

English

Alternative forms

• Puna

Etymology

From Spanish puna, from Quechua puna.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uːnə

Noun

puna (plural punas)

1. An alpine biological community in the central portion of the Andes in which short, coarse grass supports a Native American population.
   • 2009, M. Hermann, T. Bernet, The transition of maca from neglect to market prominence, page 18:

     The overwhelming majority of maca roots are dried after harvest. In the cold, dry atmosphere of the puna the dried roots remain edible for several years. A minor proportion of the freshly harvested roots are roasted in huatias, earthen ovens […]

Derived terms

• puna canastero (Asthenes wyatti)
• puna ground tyrant (Muscisaxicola juninensis)
• puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)
• puna miner (Geositta punensis)
• puna plover (Anarhynchus alticola)
• puna snipe (Gallinago andina)
• puna tapaculo (Scytalopus simonsi)
• puna teal (Spatula puna)
• puna thistletail (Asthenes helleri)
• puna tinamou (Tinamotis pentlandii)
• puna yellow finch (Sicalis lutea)

Anagrams

• napu

Albanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpuna/, [ˈpu̞.nä]

Noun

puna

1. definite nominative singular of punë

Cavineña

Noun

puna

1. root of epuna

References

• Antoine Guillaume, A Grammar of Cavineña (2008, →ISBN)

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Esperanto puni

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂

Proto-Italic *-ā

Latin -ader.

▲

Latin -a

Italian -ader.

▲

Latin -a

Old Spanish -a

Spanish -ader.

Esperanto -a

Esperanto puna

From puni + -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpuna/
• Rhymes: -una
• Syllabification: pu‧na

Adjective

puna (accusative singular punan, plural punaj, accusative plural punajn)

1. Of or relating to punishment; punitive

   punaj metodoj; puna ekspedicio

   punitive methods, expedition

Further reading

• “puna”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna. Cognate to Finnish puna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]

Noun

puna (genitive puna, partitive puna)

1. the colour red

Declension

Declension of puna (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		puna	punad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	puna
genitive			punade
partitive		puna	punasid
illative		punna punasse	punadesse
inessive		punas	punades
elative		punast	punadest
allative		punale	punadele
adessive		punal	punadel
ablative		punalt	punadelt
translative		punaks	punadeks
terminative		punani	punadeni
essive		punana	punadena
abessive		punata	punadeta
comitative		punaga	punadega

Derived terms

• punane
• punakas

References

• “puna”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *puna (“color, hair”). Cognate with Erzya пона (pona, “hair”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -unɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pu‧na
• Hyphenation^(key): pu‧na

Noun

puna

1. The color red.

   Synonyms: punainen (most common term), ruso

Usage notes

Now primarily used in compounds rather than as an independent word.

Declension

Inflection of puna (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		puna	punat
genitive		punan	punien
partitive		punaa	punia
illative		punaan	puniin
		singular	plural
nominative		puna	punat
accusative	nom.	puna	punat
	gen.	punan
genitive		punan	punien punain rare
partitive		punaa	punia
inessive		punassa	punissa
elative		punasta	punista
illative		punaan	puniin
adessive		punalla	punilla
ablative		punalta	punilta
allative		punalle	punille
essive		punana	punina
translative		punaksi	puniksi
abessive		punatta	punitta
instructive		—	punin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of puna (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative punani punani accusative nom. punani punani gen. punani genitive punani punieni punaini rare partitive punaani puniani inessive punassani punissani elative punastani punistani illative punaani puniini adessive punallani punillani ablative punaltani puniltani allative punalleni punilleni essive punanani puninani translative punakseni punikseni abessive punattani punittani instructive — — comitative — punineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative punasi punasi accusative nom. punasi punasi gen. punasi genitive punasi puniesi punaisi rare partitive punaasi puniasi inessive punassasi punissasi elative punastasi punistasi illative punaasi puniisi adessive punallasi punillasi ablative punaltasi puniltasi allative punallesi punillesi essive punanasi puninasi translative punaksesi puniksesi abessive punattasi punittasi instructive — — comitative — puninesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative punamme punamme accusative nom. punamme punamme gen. punamme genitive punamme puniemme punaimme rare partitive punaamme puniamme inessive punassamme punissamme elative punastamme punistamme illative punaamme puniimme adessive punallamme punillamme ablative punaltamme puniltamme allative punallemme punillemme essive punanamme puninamme translative punaksemme puniksemme abessive punattamme punittamme instructive — — comitative — puninemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative punanne punanne accusative nom. punanne punanne gen. punanne genitive punanne punienne punainne rare partitive punaanne punianne inessive punassanne punissanne elative punastanne punistanne illative punaanne puniinne adessive punallanne punillanne ablative punaltanne puniltanne allative punallenne punillenne essive punananne puninanne translative punaksenne puniksenne abessive punattanne punittanne instructive — — comitative — puninenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative punansa punansa accusative nom. punansa punansa gen. punansa genitive punansa puniensa punainsa rare partitive punaansa puniaan puniansa inessive punassaan punassansa punissaan punissansa elative punastaan punastansa punistaan punistansa illative punaansa puniinsa adessive punallaan punallansa punillaan punillansa ablative punaltaan punaltansa puniltaan puniltansa allative punalleen punallensa punilleen punillensa essive punanaan punanansa puninaan puninansa translative punakseen punaksensa punikseen puniksensa abessive punattaan punattansa punittaan punittansa instructive — — comitative — punineen puninensa

Derived terms

• punainen
• punakka
• punakko
• punastua
• punastuminen
• punata
• pune
• punehtia
• punehtua
• punertaa
• punerva
• punikki
• punoittaa

compounds

• amerikanpunamänty
• huulipuna
• infrapuna
• lihaspuna
• meksikonpunapolvitarantula
• noropunatähkä
• Petteri Punakuono
• poskipuna
• puna-aavetetra
• puna-ahven
• puna-ailakki
• puna-alpi
• puna-apila
• puna-ara
• puna-armeija
• punaevätetra
• punahammasahven
• punaharmaa
• punahattu
• punahehku
• punahehkuinen
• punaheikkous
• punaheltta
• punahelttainen
• punaherukka
• punahierakka
• Punahilkka
• punahirvi
• punahohteinen
• punahohtoinen
• punahome
• punahomejuusto
• punahonka
• punahukka
• punahuuli
• punahuulinen
• punahäntämarakatti
• punahärö
• punaihoinen
• punailves
• punajalkahapero
• punajalkahaukka
• punajalkaviklo
• punajuuri
• punajuurikas
• punajäkälä
• punajättikenguru
• punakaali
• punakaarti
• punakampela
• punakaniini
• punakapina
• punakardinaali
• punakasvoinen
• punakaulahanhi
• punakaulakenguru
• punakekomuurahainen
• punakellertävä
• punakellervä
• punakeltainen
• punakettu
• punakhmer
• punakirjava
• punakirjoseitikki
• punakoiso
• punakoivu
• punakone
• punakoralli
• punakorvakilpikonna
• punakottarainen
• punakuiri
• punakukkainen
• punakulta
• punakuorinen
• punakuvioinen
• punakylkinen
• punakylkirastas
• punakynä
• punakärpässieni
• punakääpä
• punalakkimuura
• punalakkinen
• punalappu
• punalaputettu
• punalehti
• punalehtinen
• punaleimainen
• punaleppä
• punalevä
• punalihainen
• punalippu
• punalohi
• punamerikorva
• punamulta
• punamusta
• punamusta puu
• punamuurahainen
• punamyyrä
• punanahka
• punanenäinen
• punaniskavallabi
• punankarvainen
• punanuljaska
• punanäppy
• punaolkaturpiaali
• punaorava
• punapahkasieni
• punapaita
• punapaitainen
• punapapu
• punaparsaherne
• punapeippi
• punapensselisika
• punapersepaviaani
• punaperäfasaani
• punapilleröity
• punapippuri
• punaposki
• punaposkiliituri
• punaposkinen
• punapuu
• punapyrstölepinkäinen
• punapyy
• punapyökki
• punapäinen
• punapää
• punapäälepinkäinen
• punapäänarsku
• punaraitainen
• punarinta
• punarintarastas
• punarousku
• punaruskea
• punaruutuinen
• punasarja
• punasavi
• punaselkämuura
• punasiirtymä
• punasikuri
• punasilmäinen
• punasimppu
• punasipuli
• punasleipä
• punasokeus
• punasolu
• punasotka
• punasuolayrtti
• punasuomuseitikki
• punasusi
• punatakki
• punatakkinen
• punatauti
• punatautinen
• punatavi
• punatetra
• punatiikeripeippo
• punatiili
• punatiilinen
• punatukka
• punatukkainen
• punatulimuurahainen
• punatulkku
• punatumake
• punatyviseitikki
• punatähkä
• punatähti
• punatäplärousku
• punavadelma
• punavalkea
• punavalkoinen
• punavaloinen
• punavarpunen
• punavatsamaki
• puna-viherheikkous
• puna-vihersokea
• puna-vihersokeus
• punavihervärisokea
• punavihreä
• punaviidakkokana
• punaviini
• punaviinimarja
• punaviiva
• punavilla-apina
• Punavuori
• punavyöseitikki
• punaväriminttu
• ruusunpuna
• sinipuna
• sinipunahallitus
• sinooperipuna
• venetsianpuna
• verenpuna

Further reading

• “puna”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Anagrams

• Panu

French

Noun

puna f (plural punas)

1. puna

Further reading

• “puna”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Galician

Verb

puna

1. inflection of punar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative
2. inflection of punir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Hawaiian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Central Pacific *puna, from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *puna, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *puna, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source, origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source, origin”). Cognates include Māori puna and Samoan puna.

Noun

puna

1. spring (water source)
2. coral, lime, plaster

Etymology 2

Chemical element (edit)
Ca Atomic number 20 puna
Alternative names: kalipuna
Classification data Period 4 Group 2 Block s-block Class alkaline earth metal
Previous: ← potasiuma (K)
Next: manakanika (Mn) →

From Proto-Polynesian *puŋa (“coral rock”), from Proto-Central Pacific *puŋa, from Proto-Oceanic *buŋa (“white, porous coral or growth”), from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa (“flower”, compare *buŋa ni batu (“coral sponge”, literally “stone bloom'”)). Cognates include Māori punga (“coral, anchor”), pungapunga (“pumice”), Tahitian puʻa (“coral, lime”), Tongan punga and Samoan puga. Compare also Fijian vuga. Doublet of pua.

Noun

puna

1. coral, lime, plaster
2. calcium

   Synonym: kalipuna

Etymology 3

From Proto-Polynesian *puŋa, from Proto-Central Pacific *puŋa, from Proto-Oceanic *buŋa, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa. Cognates include Māori pungapunga (“ankle”) and Samoan puga (“groin”).

Noun

puna

1. section between joints or nodes, internodes

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

puna

1. cuttlebone

Etymology 5

Borrowed from English spoon.

Noun

puna

1. spoon

   Aia i hea ke puna kāwili? ― Where is the stirring spoon?

References

• Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986), “puna”, in Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 355

Related terms

• punapuna

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna. Cognates include Finnish puna and Estonian puna.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑˑ]
• Rhymes: -unɑ
• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Noun

puna

1. (in compounds) red

Declension

Declension of puna (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	puna	punat
genitive	punan	punnoin
partitive	punnaa	punoja
illative	punnaa	punnoi
inessive	punas	punois
elative	punast	punoist
allative	punalle	punoille
adessive	punal	punoil
ablative	punalt	punoilt
translative	punaks	punoiks
essive	punanna, punnaan	punoinna, punnoin
exessive1)	punant	punoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• Puna-armia
• punain
• Punamaaria
• punapelto
• punaposkiin
• punapurje
• punapuu
• punapää
• punarinta
• punastua
• punatauti
• punettaa
• Puni

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 441

Māori

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Central Pacific *puna, from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *puna, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *puna, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source, origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source, origin”). Cognates include Hawaiian puna and Samoan puna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpuna/ [ˈpʉnɐ]

Noun

puna

1. spring of water; well; pool

Verb

puna

1. to well up; to flow

Further reading

• John C. Moorfield (2011), “puna”, in Te Aka: Māori–English, English–Māori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, →ISBN

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀧𑀼𑀦 (Brahmi script)
• पुन (Devanagari script)
• পুন (Bengali script)
• පුන (Sinhalese script)
• ပုန or ပုၼ (Burmese script)
• ปุน or ปุนะ (Thai script)
• ᨷᩩᨶ or ᨸᩩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
• ປຸນ or ປຸນະ (Lao script)
• បុន (Khmer script)
• 𑄛𑄪𑄚 (Chakma script)

Particle

puna

1. again

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Verb

puna

1. inflection of punir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Quechua

Not to be confused with phuña

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

puna

1. lofty region, elevated cold plains
2. Andean altitude between 4,000m and 5,000m

Declension

Declension of puna

	singular	plural
nominative	puna	punakuna
accusative	punata	punakunata
dative	punaman	punakunaman
genitive	punap	punakunap
locative	punapi	punakunapi
terminative	punakama	punakunakama
ablative	punamanta	punakunamanta
instrumental	punawan	punakunawan
comitative	punantin	punakunantin
abessive	punannaq	punakunannaq
comparative	punahina	punakunahina
causative	punarayku	punakunarayku
benefactive	punapaq	punakunapaq
associative	punapura	punakunapura
distributive	punanka	punakunanka
exclusive	punalla	punakunalla

Possessive forms of puna

ñuqap - first-person singular ñuqap (my) singular plural nominative punay punaykuna accusative punayta punaykunata dative punayman punaykunaman genitive punaypa punaykunap locative punaypi punaykunapi terminative punaykama punaykunakama ablative punaymanta punaykunamanta instrumental punaywan punaykunawan comitative punaynintin punaykunantin abessive punayninnaq punaykunannaq comparative punayhina punaykunahina causative punayrayku punaykunarayku benefactive punaypaq punaykunapaq associative punaypura punaykunapura distributive punayninka punaykunanka exclusive punaylla punaykunalla qampa - second-person singular qampa (your) singular plural nominative punayki punaykikuna accusative punaykita punaykikunata dative punaykiman punaykikunaman genitive punaykipa punaykikunap locative punaykipi punaykikunapi terminative punaykikama punaykikunakama ablative punaykimanta punaykikunamanta instrumental punaykiwan punaykikunawan comitative punaykintin punaykikunantin abessive punaykinnaq punaykikunannaq comparative punaykihina punaykikunahina causative punaykirayku punaykikunarayku benefactive punaykipaq punaykikunapaq associative punaykipura punaykikunapura distributive punaykinka punaykikunanka exclusive punaykilla punaykikunalla paypa - third-person singular paypa (his/her/its) singular plural nominative punan punankuna accusative punanta punankunata dative punanman punankunaman genitive punanpa punankunap locative punanpi punankunapi terminative punankama punankunakama ablative punanmanta punankunamanta instrumental punanwan punankunawan comitative punanintin punankunantin abessive punanninnaq punankunannaq comparative punanhina punankunahina causative punanrayku punankunarayku benefactive punanpaq punankunapaq associative punanpura punankunapura distributive punaninka punankunanka exclusive punanlla punankunalla ñuqanchikpa - first-person inclusive plural ñuqanchikpa (our(incl)) singular plural nominative punanchik punanchikkuna accusative punanchikta punanchikkunata dative punanchikman punanchikkunaman genitive punanchikpa punanchikkunap locative punanchikpi punanchikkunapi terminative punanchikkama punanchikkunakama ablative punanchikmanta punanchikkunamanta instrumental punanchikwan punanchikkunawan comitative punanchiknintin punanchikkunantin abessive punanchikninnaq punanchikkunannaq comparative punanchikhina punanchikkunahina causative punanchikrayku punanchikkunarayku benefactive punanchikpaq punanchikkunapaq associative punanchikpura punanchikkunapura distributive punanchikninka punanchikkunanka exclusive punanchiklla punanchikkunalla ñuqaykup - first-person exclusive plural ñuqaykup (our(excl)) singular plural nominative punayku punaykukuna accusative punaykuta punaykukunata dative punaykuman punaykukunaman genitive punaykupa punaykukunap locative punaykupi punaykukunapi terminative punaykukama punaykukunakama ablative punaykumanta punaykukunamanta instrumental punaykuwan punaykukunawan comitative punaykuntin punaykukunantin abessive punaykunnaq punaykukunannaq comparative punaykuhina punaykukunahina causative punaykurayku punaykukunarayku benefactive punaykupaq punaykukunapaq associative punaykupura punaykukunapura distributive punaykunka punaykukunanka exclusive punaykulla punaykukunalla qamkunap - second-person plural qamkunap (your(pl)) singular plural nominative punaykichik punaykichikkuna accusative punaykichikta punaykichikkunata dative punaykichikman punaykichikkunaman genitive punaykichikpa punaykichikkunap locative punaykichikpi punaykichikkunapi terminative punaykichikkama punaykichikkunakama ablative punaykichikmanta punaykichikkunamanta instrumental punaykichikwan punaykichikkunawan comitative punaykichiknintin punaykichikkunantin abessive punaykichikninnaq punaykichikkunannaq comparative punaykichikhina punaykichikkunahina causative punaykichikrayku punaykichikkunarayku benefactive punaykichikpaq punaykichikkunapaq associative punaykichikpura punaykichikkunapura distributive punaykichikninka punaykichikkunanka exclusive punaykichiklla punaykichikkunalla paykunap - third-person plural paykunap (their) singular plural nominative punanku punankukuna accusative punankuta punankukunata dative punankuman punankukunaman genitive punankupa punankukunap locative punankupi punankukunapi terminative punankukama punankukunakama ablative punankumanta punankukunamanta instrumental punankuwan punankukunawan comitative punankuntin punankukunantin abessive punankunnaq punankukunannaq comparative punankuhina punankukunahina causative punankurayku punankukunarayku benefactive punankupaq punankukunapaq associative punankupura punankukunapura distributive punankunka punankukunanka exclusive punankulla punankukunalla

Descendants

• → Spanish: puna
  • → English: puna

See also

Peruvian ecoregions: Piruwpi allpa suyukunaedit

• challa
• hanka
• puna
• qichwa ~ qhichwa
• rupha rupha
• sallqa
• suni
• umawa
• yunka

Sakizaya

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pu.ˈna/, [pu.ˈna]

Noun

puna

1. belly button

Samoan

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Hawaiian puna, Māori puna.

Verb

puna

1. to jump
2. (of water) to spring up, well up, gush

Noun

puna

1. spring of water

References

• George Pratt (1861), “puna”, in Samoan dictionary: English and Samoan and Samoan and English with a short grammar of the Samoan dialect, Matautu, Samoa: London Missionary Society Press, page 171

Serbo-Croatian

Adjective

puna (Cyrillic spelling пуна)

1. inflection of pun:
   1. feminine nominative/vocative singular
   2. indefinite masculine/neuter genitive singular
   3. indefinite animate masculine accusative singular
   4. neuter nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpuna/ [ˈpu.na]
• Rhymes: -una
• Syllabification: pu‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Quechua puna.

Noun

puna f (plural punas)

1. (Latin America) puna, Andean plateau
2. (Latin America) altitude sickness
3. (Latin America) Cold mountain wind

Derived terms

• bandurria de la puna
• pato puna
• picaflor de la puna
• queltehue de la puna

Descendants

• → English: puna

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

puna

1. inflection of punir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “puna”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Swahili

Verb

-puna (infinitive kupuna)

1. to wipe off

Conjugation

Conjugation of -puna
Positive present -napuna Subjunctive -pune Negative -puni Imperative singular puna
Infinitives
Positive kupuna Negative kutopuna
Imperatives
Singular puna Plural puneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hupuna Positive past positive subject concord + -lipuna Negative past negative subject concord + -kupuna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -napuna) Singular Plural 1st person ninapuna/napuna tunapuna 2nd person unapuna mnapuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anapuna wanapuna other classes positive subject concord + -napuna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -puni) Singular Plural 1st person sipuni hatupuni 2nd person hupuni hampuni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hapuni hawapuni other classes negative subject concord + -puni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tapuna Negative future negative subject concord + -tapuna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -pune) Singular Plural 1st person nipune tupune 2nd person upune mpune 3rd person m-wa(I/II) apune wapune other classes positive subject concord + -pune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sipune Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngepuna Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singepuna Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalipuna Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalipuna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -apuna) Singular Plural 1st person napuna twapuna 2nd person wapuna mwapuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) apuna wapuna m-mi(III/IV) wapuna yapuna ji-ma(V/VI) lapuna yapuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) chapuna vyapuna n(IX/X) yapuna zapuna u(XI) wapuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwapuna pa(XVI) papuna mu(XVIII) mwapuna
Perfect positive subject concord + -mepuna "Already" positive subject concord + -meshapuna "Not yet" negative subject concord + -japuna "If/When" positive subject concord + -kipuna "If not" positive subject concord + -sipopuna Consecutive kapuna / positive subject concord + -kapuna Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kapune
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nipuna -tupuna 2nd person -kupuna -wapuna/-kupuneni/-wapuneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpuna -wapuna m-mi(III/IV) -upuna -ipuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lipuna -yapuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kipuna -vipuna n(IX/X) -ipuna -zipuna u(XI) -upuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kupuna pa(XVI) -papuna mu(XVIII) -mupuna Reflexive -jipuna
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -puna- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -punaye -punao m-mi(III/IV) -punao -punayo ji-ma(V/VI) -punalo -punayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -punacho -punavyo n(IX/X) -punayo -punazo u(XI) -punao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -punako pa(XVI) -punapo mu(XVIII) -punamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -puna) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yepuna -opuna m-mi(III/IV) -opuna -yopuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lopuna -yopuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chopuna -vyopuna n(IX/X) -yopuna -zopuna u(XI) -opuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kopuna pa(XVI) -popuna mu(XVIII) -mopuna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Tagalog

Alternative forms

• pona — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /puˈna/ [pʊˈn̪a]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: pu‧na

Noun

puná (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜈ)

1. notice; observation; noticing

   Synonyms: obserbasyon, pansin, reparo

2. remark; comment

   Synonyms: komentaryo, pansin

3. adverse criticism; objection; criticism

   Synonyms: kritika, pintas, tutol, kritisismo, batikos, pula, animadbersiyon, pamumuna, pamumula, pista

Derived terms

• kapuna-puna
• mamumuna
• mamuna
• mapagpuna
• mapamuna
• mapuna
• mapunahin
• pagpuna
• pamumuna
• pamumunang mapagbuo
• pamumunang mapanira
• pumuna
• punado
• punahin
• tagapuna

Further reading

• “puna”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018

Anagrams

• upan

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
• Rhymes: -unɑ
• Hyphenation: pu‧na

Noun

puna

1. red (colour)

Inflection

Declension of puna (type V/poikõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	puna	—
genitive	puna	—
partitive	punna	—
illative	punna, punasõ	—
inessive	punaz	—
elative	punass	—
allative	punallõ	—
adessive	punall	—
ablative	punalt	—
translative	punassi	—
'Standardized' inflection based on the Vaipooli dialects; see WT:AVOT. For dialectal differences between case endings, see Appendix:Votic dialects. *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

Derived terms

• punanõ

References

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “puna”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[4], 2nd edition, Tallinn

Warlpiri

Noun

puna

1. ash