де

See also: дэ, дэ’, and Appendix:Variations of "de"

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɛ]

• Audio (Standard Bulgarian):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -dɛ

Etymology 1

Contraction of къде́ (kǎdé).

Conjunction

де • (de)

1. (colloquial) where

   Synonym: къде́ (kǎdé)

   • 1994, “Там, край реката [There, by the river]”, performed by Тоника (Tonika):

     Де ми каза две слова – там, край реката.

     De mi kaza dve slova – tam, kraj rekata.

     Where you told me a couple of words – there, by the river.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ده (de, “let’s go, come on!; speak, well”).

Interjection

де • (de) (colloquial)

1. indeed (to emphasize a statement)

   да де, знам

   da de, znam

   yeah, indeed I know

2. no way (to deny a statement)
3. come on (to express encouragement, used at the end of a clause)

   върви́ де!

   vǎrví de!

   come on, go!

4. to express clarification, used at the end of a clause; that is

   Пе́тър, брат ми де, дойде́.

   Pétǎr, brat mi de, dojdé.

   Peter, my brother that is, came.

Anagrams

• де- (de-)

Carpathian Rusyn

Etymology

Inherited from Old Ruthenian где (hde), from Old East Slavic къде (kŭde), from Proto-Slavic *kъde.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdɛ]
• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Syllabification: де

Adverb

де • (de)

1. where

   Сформованя школьской системы в регіонах, де вни жыють.

   Sformovanja školʹskoj systemŷ v rehionax, de vny žŷjutʹ.

   Formation of the school system in the places where they live.

Related terms

• даґде (dagde)
• депоєден (depojeden)
• десь (desʹ)
• деяк (dejak)
• ниґде (nygde)
• нїґде (njigde)

Further reading

• Kercha, Ihor (2012), Словник русько-русинськый: у 2 т. [Russian-Rusyn Dictionary: in 2 vols] (overall work in Russian and Carpathian Rusyn), Uzhhorod: PoliPrint

Chechen

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Nakh *de. Cognates include Bats დე (de) and Ingush ди (di).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdi̯e/

Noun

де • (de) class dd

1. day

Declension

Declension of де

	singular	plural
nominative	де (de)	де̄нош (deenoš)
genitive	дийнан (diı̇nan)	де̄нойн (deenojn)
dative	денна (denna)	де̄ношна (deenošna)
ergative	дийно̄ (diı̇noo)	де̄но̄ша (deenooša)
allative	дийне̄ (diı̇nee)	де̄ношка (deenoška)
instrumental	денца (denca)	де̄ношца (deenošca)
lative	дийнах (diı̇nax)	де̄нойх (deenojx)
comparative	дийнал (diı̇nal)	де̄нойл (deenojl)

References

• Nichols, Johanna; Vagapov, Arbi (2004), “де”, in Chechen–English and English–Chechen Dictionary, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, page 94a

Ingush

Etymology

Akin to Chechen да (da).

Verb

де • (de)

1. to do

Macedonian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δή (dḗ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɛ]

Particle

де • (de)

1. A particle expressing nonchalance, used to emphasize that something is irrelevant, already known, or expected.

   - Си купив нови очила.
   - Знам де, ми се пофали веќе.

   - Si kupiv novi očila.
   - Znam de, mi se pofali veḱe.

   - I have bought new glasses.
   - I know, you already boasted to me about it earlier.

   - Кога ќе ги сретнеме пак, ќе им се пожалиме.
   - Да де.

   - Koga ḱe gi sretneme pak, ḱe im se požalime.
   - Da de.

   - When we meet them again, we'll complain to them.
   - Yes, I know.

   Само се сопнав де - не е дека скршив нешто. ― Samo se sopnav de - ne e deka skršiv nešto. ― I just tripped - it's not as if I fractured something.

See also

• бе (be)

Russian

Etymology

From Old East Slavic дѣеть (dějetĭ, “to say”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dʲe]

• Audio:

  (file)

Particle

де • (de)

1. (colloquial) says (used informally to mark reported speech)

   Synonyms: говори́т (govorít), говоря́т (govorját), де́скать (déskatʹ), мол (mol)

   Она́-де не зна́ла. ― Oná-de ne znála. ― She says she didn’t know.

   Я-де сам винова́т ― Ja-de sam vinovát ― I say it's my own fault.

   • 1876, князь Владимир Петрович Мещерский, “Русскому дворянству”, in Речи консерватора:

     И да не смущаетъ себя́ дворяни́нъ-помѣщикъ мыслiю, что е́сли онъ оди́нъ себѣ скажетъ все э́ти здравыя мы́сли – толку не будетъ, а что-де надо надо многимъ собра́ться и э́ти мы́сли вы́сказать общимъ собранiемъ.

     I da ne smuščajet sebjá dvorjanín-poměščik mysliju, što jésli on odín sebě skažet vse éti zdravyja mýsli – tolku ne budet, a što-de nado nado mnogim sobrátʹsja i éti mýsli výskazatʹ obščim sobranijem.

     The noble landlord shouldn't confuse himself by the thought that would he tell all those sensible thoughts by himself it won't make any sense but many should gather and tell all those thoughts by full gathering.

Related terms

• де́скать (déskatʹ)

See also

• бишь (bišʹ)
• мол (mol)

Further reading

• Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “де”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъdě, *kъde, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰe.

Adverb

де (Latin spelling de)

1. (Kajkavian, regional) where

Pronoun

де ? (Latin spelling de)

1. (Kajkavian, regional) where

Synonyms

• гдје

Ukrainian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *kъde.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɛ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Adverb

де • (de)

1. (interrogative) where (in what place?)

   Де ти тепе́р ме́шкаєш?

   De ty tepér méškaješ?

   Where do you live now?

2. (interrogative, dialectal) where, whither (to what place?)

   Synonym: куди́ (kudý)

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “де”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɛ]

Noun

де • (de) n inan (indeclinable)

1. The letter д (d), the 6th letter of the Ukrainian alphabet.