孤塗

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Chinese

[edit]
phonetic
trad. (孤塗)
simp. (孤涂)

Pronunciation

[edit]


Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/2 2/2
Initial () (28) (7) (11)
Final () (23) (23) (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division () I I II
Fanqie
Baxter ku du drae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kuo/ /duo/ /ɖˠa/
Pan
Wuyun
/kuo/ /duo/ /ɖᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen
/ko/ /do/ /ȡa/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kɔ/ /dɔ/ /ɖaɨ/
Li
Rong
/ko/ /do/ /ȡa/
Wang
Li
/ku/ /du/ /ȡa/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kuo/ /dʱuo/ /ȡʱa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
chá
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gu1 tou4 caa4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ ku › ‹ du › ‹ du ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʷˁa/ /*lˁa/ /*lˁa/
English orphan to plaster road

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/2 2/2
No. 4347 15751 15774
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
𡨀
Old
Chinese
/*kʷaː/ /*rlaː/ /*l'aː/
Notes

Noun

[edit]

孤塗

  1. (historical) the Xiongnu word for "son"
    匈奴撐犁」,孤塗」。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
    匈奴撑犁」,孤涂」。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Xiōngnú wèi tiān wèi “chēnglí”, wèi zǐ wèi “gūtú”. [Pinyin]
    The Xiongnu term "heaven" "tengri", and term "son" "gutu".