穆

穆 U+7A46, 穆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A46 ← 穅 [U+7A45] CJK Unified Ideographs 穇 → [U+7A47]

Translingual

Han character

穆 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹木竹日竹 (HDHAH), four-corner 2692₂, composition ⿰禾㣎)

Derived characters

• 𭐇, 𫖜

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 859, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25251
• Dae Jaweon: page 1284, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2628, character 20
• Unihan data for U+7A46

Chinese

simp. and trad.		穆
alternative forms		繆／缪 𥠇 𥡆 𢿉 𢿬 繆／缪 𥠇 𥡆 𢿉 𢿬 𢾓

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 穆
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *muɡ) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 㣎 () – standing grain.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mù (mu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): muk⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mu̍k
• Eastern Min (BUC): mŭk
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): borh⁷
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bo̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): mog⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸moq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mù
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mù
    • Wade–Giles: mu⁴
    • Yale: mù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
    • Palladius: му (mu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: muk⁶
    • Yale: muhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: muk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: mug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mʊk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: mug
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mug⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /muk̚⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: mŭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /muʔ⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: borh⁷
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɒʔ⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: borh⁷
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɒʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍k
    • Tâi-lô: bo̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bok
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔk̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: mog⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mo̍k
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mok̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸moq
    • MiniDict: moh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵moq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /moʔ¹²/

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• Middle Chinese: mjuwk

Rime
Character	穆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	莫六切
Baxter	mjuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/miuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/miuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muwk̚/
Li Rong	/miuk̚/
Wang Li	/mĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	muk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m(r)iwk/

  (Zhengzhang): /*muɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	穆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mù
Middle Chinese	‹ mjuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*m(r)iwk/
English	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	穆
Reading #	1/1
No.	9336
Phonetic component	穆
Rime group	覺
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	目
Old Chinese	/*muɡ/

Definitions

穆

1. ^† standing grain
2. (historical) the right side position of tablets in ancestral shrines

   Antonym: 昭 (zhāo)

3. (figurative) right side
4. reverent; respectful
5. magnificent and beautiful; majestic
6. solemn; solemnly silent
7. calm; mild; gentle
8. harmonious; peaceful
9. pure; honest
10. profound and lasting; far-reaching
11. Short for 穆罕默德 (Mùhǎnmòdé, “Muhammad”).
12. Short for 穆斯林 (mùsīlín, “Muslim”).
13. a surname

Compounds

• 卡土穆
• 宓穆
• 庫穆塔格／库穆塔格
• 於穆／于穆
• 昭穆
• 沕穆
• 珠穆朗瑪／珠穆朗玛 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ)
• 穆如清風／穆如清风
• 穆忞
• 穆思林
• 穆斯林 (mùsīlín)
• 穆棱 (Mùlíng)
• 穆民 (mùmín)
• 穆清
• 穆然
• 穆穆
• 穆聖／穆圣 (Mùshèng, “Prophet Muhammad”)
• 緝穆／缉穆 (qìmù)
• 肅穆／肃穆 (sùmù)
• 落落穆穆
• 輯穆／辑穆
• 郁穆
• 雍穆
• 靜穆／静穆 (jìngmù)

 

References

• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “穆”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 161.

Japanese

Kanji

穆

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

• Go-on: もく (moku)
• Kan-on: ぼく (boku)
• Kun: やわらぐ (yawaragu, 穆らぐ)

Korean

Hanja

穆 • (mok) (hangeul 목, revised mok, McCune–Reischauer mok, Yale mok)

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Vietnamese

Han character

穆: Hán Nôm readings: mục

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References

• Nôm Foundation