騎
Translingual
Han character
騎 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+8, 18 strokes, cangjie input 尸火大一口 (SFKMR), four-corner 74321, composition ⿰馬奇)
Descendants
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1440, character 36
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44817
- Dae Jaweon: page 1964, character 31
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4560, character 8
- Unihan data for U+9A0E
Chinese
trad. | 騎 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 骑 |
Glyph origin
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
奇 | *kral, *ɡral |
畸 | *kral |
剞 | *kral, *kralʔ |
羇 | *kral |
掎 | *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰrals |
攲 | *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰral |
躸 | *kral |
踦 | *kralʔ, *kʰral |
寄 | *krals |
徛 | *krals, *ɡralʔ |
欹 | *kʰral, *qral |
崎 | *kʰral, *ɡɯl |
觭 | *kʰral, *kʰralʔ |
碕 | *kʰral, *kʰralʔ, *ɡral, *ɡɯl |
綺 | *kʰralʔ |
婍 | *kʰralʔ |
騎 | *ɡral, *ɡrals |
琦 | *ɡral |
鵸 | *ɡral |
錡 | *ɡral, *ɡralʔ, *ŋɡralʔ |
輢 | *ɡrals, *qralʔ, *qrals |
齮 | *ŋɡralʔ |
犄 | *qral |
猗 | *qral, *qralʔ |
椅 | *qral, *qralʔ |
旖 | *qral, *qralʔ |
陭 | *qral, *qrals |
檹 | *qral |
漪 | *qral |
倚 | *qralʔ, *qrals |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback
Etymology
Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎".
Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai:
... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi).
while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003):
The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504).
Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund.
- Lolo-Burmese: *gyi ~ dzyi: Burmese စီး (ci:), Nuosu ꋩ (zzy, “to ride; to bear (a rider)”), ꊪ (zy, “to cause to ride”)
- Southwestern Tai: *kʰwiːᴮ: Thai ขี่ (kìi), Lao ຂີ່ (khī), Zhuang gwih
- Hmong-Mien: *ɟej: White Hmong caij
- Mon-Khmer: West Bahnaric *ɟih, Khmer ជិះ (cih), Vietnamese cưỡi
Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ke4 / kei4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khì
- Eastern Min (BUC): kiè / kià
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 6ji
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cí
- Wade–Giles: chʻi2
- Yale: chí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyi
- Palladius: ци (ci)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ke4 / kei4
- Yale: kèh / kèih
- Cantonese Pinyin: ke4 / kei4
- Guangdong Romanization: ké4 / kéi4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɛː²¹/, /kʰei̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- ke4 - vernacular;
- kei4 - literary.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khì
- Hakka Romanization System: kiˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ki2
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kiè / kià
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰie⁵³/, /kʰia⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- kiè - colloquial (“to ride”);
- kià - colloquial (“to straddle; to bestride”).
- Southern Min
- khiâ/khâ - vernacular;
- khî/kî - literary.
- Middle Chinese: gje
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ɡ(r)aj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡral/
Definitions
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cí
- Wade–Giles: chʻi2
- Yale: chí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyi
- Palladius: ци (ci)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jì
- Wade–Giles: chi4
- Yale: jì
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kei3 / gei6
- Yale: kei / geih
- Cantonese Pinyin: kei3 / gei6
- Guangdong Romanization: kéi3 / géi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰei̯³³/, /kei̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- kei3 - vernacular;
- gei6 - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gì
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Middle Chinese: gjeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)aj-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrals/
Definitions
- horse or vehicle that one rides on
- mounted soldier
- (literary) Classifier for soldiers or warhorses.
- a surname
Compounds
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Further reading
- “Entry #12782”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
騎 (eum 기 (gi))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
騎: Hán Nôm readings: kị, kỵ, cưỡi, cỡi
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