-j

See also: Appendix:Variations of "j"

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• /Vj/, where V represents an unknown short vowel.

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /i/
  • Conventional anglicization: -i

Suffix

1. Marks the dual form of nouns and adjectives. Attaches to the singular form if feminine or the plural form if masculine.
2. Sometimes added to suffix pronouns attached to dual nouns.

Usage notes

Often this is represented by writing the phonetic or determinative glyph twice, e.g. tꜣwj:

Derived terms

• -wj
• -tj

 

Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) (stressed) IPA^(key): /ej/ or IPA^(key): /eʔ/; (unstressed) silent, but preserves root-final IPA^(key): /t/ or IPA^(key): /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /i/
  • Conventional anglicization: -i

Suffix

1. Converts nouns and prepositions into masculine adjectives: the masculine nisba adjective ending.

Etymology 3

From earlier *-iu or *-iju, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case ending) attached to a root ending in *-i or *-ij.

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) (stressed) IPA^(key): /ej/ or IPA^(key): /eʔ/; (unstressed) silent, but preserves root-final IPA^(key): /t/ or IPA^(key): /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /i/
  • Conventional anglicization: -i

Suffix

1. Forms i-stem masculine nouns from roots.

Etymology 4

Suffix

1. Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.

Etymology 5

From the earlier infinitival ending -t; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by -j.

Suffix

1. Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.

Etymology 6

Suffix

1. Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -j  

-y

Etymology 7

Suffix

1. Optionally marks the masculine geminated perfective passive participle of strong biliteral verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

See also

• .j (first-person singular suffix pronoun)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN.
• Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

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Esperanto

Etymology

From the nominative plural in /i/ or /j/ found in many European languages, particularly the original diphthongs Ancient Greek -οι (-oi), -αι (-ai), and Latin -ae.

Suffix

-j

1. -s. (Marks the plural form of nouns, adjectives, and some pronouns.)

   juna patro (young father) → junaj patroj (young fathers)

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [j]

Suffix

-j

1. (personal suffix) Used to form the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation).

   vár (“to wait”) → Várj! ― Wait!

Usage notes

    Subjunctive/imperative indefinite – personal endings

Person		Back     vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-jak	-jek
te	2nd person singular	-j
	long form	-jál	-jél
ő maga / ön	3rd person singular	-jon	-jen	-jön
	-ik verbs (optional)	-jék
mi	1st person plural	-junk	-jünk
ti	2nd person plural	-jatok	-jetek
ők maguk / önök	3rd person plural	-janak	-jenek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
Verb ending	Assimilation rules of -j
-s -sz -z -dz	The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz
-st -szt	The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz
long vowel + t or consonant + t	The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss
short vowel + t	Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress

See also

• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes