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Egyptian

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Etymology 1

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Compare with Arabic ـيَ (-ya) and Blin .

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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A1

 sg 1. suffix pronoun

  1. I, me, my (see usage notes)
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 41–45:
      ir
      n
      A1h
      r
      whrwZ1Z1Z1wa
      a
      Z1 nDs
      k
      WA1ibZ1A1msnn
      nw
      wA1Z1Z1A1
      zDr
      r
      A55
      k
      wA1mXn
      n
      nw W
      pr
      n
      k
      Ap
      V19
      pr
      n
      xt
      t Z1
      q
      n
      iD32a
      n
      A1H6AWiitra
      jr.n.j ḫmtw hrw wꜥ.kw jb.j m snnw.j sḏr.kw m ẖnw n(j) kꜣp n(j) ḫt qnj.n.j šwyt
      I spent three days alone, my heart my only companion (literally, my second”), lying inside a shelter of wood, I having embraced the shadows.
Usage notes
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This form of pronoun attaches directly to the preceding word, and means different things depending on what it is attached to.

  • When attached to a noun, it indicates the possessor of the noun.
  • When attached to a verb of the suffix conjugation, it indicates the subject of the verb.
  • When attached to an infinitive verb (especially of an intransitive verb) whose subject is not otherwise expressed, it indicates the subject of the verb.
  • When attached to a transitive infinitive verb whose subject is otherwise expressed or omitted, it indicates the object of the verb.
  • In the third person, when attached to a prospective participle, it indicates gender and number agreement.
  • When attached to a particle like jw or a parenthetic like ḫr, it indicates the subject of the clause.
  • When attached to a preposition, it indicates the object of the preposition.
  • When it follows a relative adjective such as ntj or ntt, it indicates the subject of the relative clause (except in the first person singular and third person common).
Inflection
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Alternative forms
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The first person singular suffix pronoun is often not written; particularly, it is regularly omitted in Old Egyptian. When it is written, it has a number of variants:

Further, it can optionally be varied to indicate the identity of the antecedent — a distinction which would not have been indicated in speech, e.g.:

In Late Egyptian, the presence of this pronoun results in the retention of final -t when the word it is attached to ends in this consonant; this is sometimes expressed by leaving the pronoun unwritten but adding
tW
to indicate the retained -t.

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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i

 m sg 3. stative ending

  1. (Old Egyptian, attached to a stative verb form) he, him
Inflection
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Alternative forms
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References

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  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 50, 199, 206, 319.
  • Edel, Elmar (1955-1964) Altägyptische Grammatik, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum
  • Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 52
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 32–33
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 25
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
  1. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 56, 63