機械

See also: 机械

Chinese

		machine; opportunity; secret	tools
trad. (機械)		機	械
simp. (机械)		机	械

Etymology

Attestable in ancient Chinese texts. In the figurative sense of "mechanical", wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese , which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 機械／机械 (jīxiè, “machine”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīxiè

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ ㄒㄧㄝˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gei¹ haai⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kî-hái
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ki-hāi / ki-hâi / ki-kài

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīxiè
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ ㄒㄧㄝˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jisiè
    • Wade–Giles: chi¹-hsieh⁴
    • Yale: jī-syè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jishieh
    • Palladius: цзисе (czise)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gei¹ haai⁶
    • Yale: gēi haaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gei¹ haai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: géi¹ hai⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯⁵⁵ haːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî-hái
    • Hakka Romanization System: gi´ hai`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gi¹ hai³
    • Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴ hai̯³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hāi
    • Tâi-lô: ki-hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki'hai
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hâi
    • Tâi-lô: ki-hâi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki'haai
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai¹³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-kài
    • Tâi-lô: ki-kài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki'kaix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai¹¹/

Note:

• ki-hāi - literary;
• ki-hâi - colloquial variant.

---

• Middle Chinese: kj+j heajH

Rime
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	居依切	胡介切
Baxter	kj+j	heajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨi/	/ɦˠɛiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨi/	/ɦᵚæiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəi/	/ɣɐiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨj/	/ɦəɨjH/
Li Rong	/kiəi/	/ɣɛiH/
Wang Li	/kĭəi/	/ɣɐiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ke̯i/	/ɣăiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jī	xiè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei1	haai6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kəj  [m-k]ˤrək-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯl  ɡrɯːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jī	xiè
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨj ›	‹ hɛjH ›
Old Chinese	/*kəj/	/*[m-k]ˁrək-s/
English	mechanism	fetters; weapon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5788	6547
Phonetic component	幾	戒
Rime group	微	代
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	機	械
Old Chinese	/*kɯl/	/*ɡrɯːɡs/

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 機械

1. machine; machinery

   機械製造業／机械制造业  ―  jīxiè zhìzàoyè  ―  machinery manufacturing industry

   Template:zh-syn

2. (Classical) machination

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (機械):

• → Japanese:
• → Korean: 기계(機械) (gigye)

Adjective

(deprecated template usage) 機械

1. (figuratively) stiff; inflexible

(deprecated template usage)

---

Japanese

Kanji in this term
機	械
き Grade: 4	かい Grade: 4
kan'on

Alternative spelling
きかい

For pronunciation and definitions of 機械 – see the following entry.

【器械きかい】 [noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1850s] any powered mechanical device for performing work [noun] 機械: a machine, equipment, an apparatus [noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1520] (archaic) a clockwork, a mechanism, especially one using strings and pulleys [noun] 機械: [from 1862] (uncommon, biology) an internal organ, biological machinery [noun] 機械: [from 1899] (uncommon) a means for accomplishing a goal

(This term, 機械, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

---

Korean

Hanja in this term
機	械

Noun

機械 • (gigye) (hangeul 기계)

1. Hanja form^? of 기계 (“machinery or heavy equipment”).