ruga

See also: Ruga, rugá, rugă, rugą, ruĝa, and rũga

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɹuː.ɡə/

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -uːɡə

Noun

ruga (plural rugae)

1. (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
   • 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (page 83)

     Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]

   • 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:

     the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

Derived terms

• rugate (adjective)

Translations

crease, wrinkle

• Finnish: poimu (fi)

References

• “ruga”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “ruga”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Anagrams

• Guar., Gura, Urga, gaur, guar, ragu, ragù

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Afar

Ruga (1).

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /ˈruɡa/ [ˈɾʊɡʌ]
• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

rúga m (plural rugaagí f)

1. male calf

Declension

Declension of rúga
absolutive	rúga
predicative	rúga
subjective	rugí
genitive	rugí
Postpositioned forms l-case rúgal k-case rúgak t-case rúgat h-case rúgah

Derived terms

• (diminutive) rugáytu

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /ruˈɡa/ [ɾʊˈɡʌ]
• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

rugá f (plural rugaagí f)

1. female calf

Declension

Declension of rugá
absolutive	rugá
predicative	rugá
subjective	rugá
genitive	rugá
Postpositioned forms l-case rugál k-case rugák t-case rugát h-case rugáh

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

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Italian

Etymology

From Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
• Rhymes: -uɡa
• Hyphenation: rù‧ga

Noun

ruga f (plural rughe)

1. wrinkle, line

Derived terms

• rugoso

Anagrams

• ragù, urga

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Kikuyu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾuɣa/

Verb

ruga (infinitive kũruga)

1. to cook

Derived terms

(Nouns)

• mũrugi class 1

(Verbs)

• kũrugĩra

(Proverbs)

• mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega

References

• Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

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Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *roug-ā-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "belch" → "be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle." Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈruː.ɡa/, [ˈruːɡä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈru.ɡa/, [ˈruːɡä]

Noun

rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension

1. (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
2. (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
   1. (sex) a female screw

Inflection

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rūga	rūgae
Genitive	rūgae	rūgārum
Dative	rūgae	rūgīs
Accusative	rūgam	rūgās
Ablative	rūgā	rūgīs
Vocative	rūga	rūgae

Derived terms

• corrūgis
• rūgō (verb)
• rūgōsus (adjective)

Descendants

• Eastern Romance:
  • Aromanian: arugã
• → English: ruga
• → Italian: ruga
• Old French: rue
  • French: rue
  • Norman: rue
  • → Old Galician-Portuguese: rua
    • Galician: rúa
    • Portuguese: rua
• Old Occitan:
  • Occitan: rua
• Old Spanish: rua
  • Spanish: rúa
• Piedmontese: rùa
• → Portuguese: ruga
• → Spanish: ruga
• → Venetan: ruga
  • → Albanian: rrugë

References

• “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ruga in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

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Polish

Noun

ruga f

1. (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)

Declension

Declension of ruga

	singular	plural
nominative	ruga	rugi
genitive	rugi	rug
dative	rudze	rugom
accusative	rugę	rugi
instrumental	rugą	rugami
locative	rudze	rugach
vocative	rugo	rugi

Verb

ruga

1. third-person singular present of rugać

Further reading

• ruga in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• ruga in Polish dictionaries at PWN

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Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈhu.ɡɐ]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈhu.ɡɐ]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈχu.ɡɐ]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡa/ [ˈhu.ɡa]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈʁu.ɣɐ]

• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)

1. wrinkle
2. crease

Related terms

• rugoso

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Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ruˈɡa]

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat) 1st conj.

1. to ask (for)
2. (reflexive) to pray
3. to beg, implore

Conjugation

    conjugation of ruga (first conjugation, no infix)

infinitive			a ruga
gerund			rugând
past participle			rugat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	rog	rogi	roagă	rugăm	rugați	roagă
	imperfect	rugam	rugai	ruga	rugam	rugați	rugau
	simple perfect	rugai	rugași	rugă	rugarăm	rugarăți	rugară
	pluperfect	rugasem	rugaseși	rugase	rugaserăm	rugaserăți	rugaseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	să rog	să rogi	să roage	să rugăm	să rugați	să roage
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		roagă			rugați
	negative		nu ruga			nu rugați

Synonyms

• (ask for): cere
• (pray): închina

Derived terms

• rugare

Related terms

• rugăciune
• rugăminte
• rugător

See also

• mă rog
• te rog
• vă rog

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Sardinian

Alternative forms

• rua

Etymology 1

From Latin rūga.

Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)

1. street

Alternative forms

• eruga

Etymology 2

From Latin eruca.

Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)

1. caterpillar

See also

• mariavolavola m

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Spanish

Verb

ruga

1. inflection of rugar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

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Veps

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

ruga

1. resin

References

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “смола”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika