barr

See also: Barr, barr-, bàrr, bárr, bärr, and Bärr

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse barr.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /parː/
• Rhymes: -arː

Noun

barr n (genitive singular barrs, no plural)

1. pine needles

Declension

declension of barr

n-s	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	barr	barrið
accusative	barr	barrið
dative	barri	barrinu
genitive	barrs	barrsins

Derived terms

• barrfinka (“siskin”)
• barrskógur
• barrspæta (“great spotted woodpecker”)
• barrtré (“conifer”)
• barrviður

 

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Irish

Alternative forms

• bárr (obsolete)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bˠɑːɾˠ/
• IPA^(key): /bˠæːɾˠ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish barr (“top, tip, end; crop, produce”), from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr).

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr or barr, nominative plural barra)

1. tip, head, point
2. top; summit
3. upper part
4. surface
5. coating; cream, scum
6. (agriculture) crop, cut, yield
7. yield, result
8. addition, excess
9. superiority
10. extremity
11. (of wavelength) crest

Declension

Declension of barr

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative barr ba Vocative a bhairr a bharra Genitive bairr barr Dative barr ba

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an barr na ba Genitive an bhairr na mbarr Dative leis an mbarr don bharr leis na ba

Alternative declension

Declension of barr

Fourth declension

Bare forms Case Singular Plural Nominative barr barra Vocative a bharr a bharra Genitive barr barra Dative barr barra

Forms with the definite article Case Singular Plural Nominative an barr na barra Genitive an bharr na mbarra Dative leis an mbarr don bharr leis na barra

Derived terms

• ar barr do theanga, do ghoib (“on the tip of one’s tongue”)
• ar bharr (“on top of; completely”)
• bain barr de (“vie with”, verb)
• barr ar (“in excess of”)
• barr bua (“supremacy, victory”)
• barr cátha (“oat-husk tea”)
• barr láin, barr taoide (“high tide”)
• barr margaidh (“cash crop”)
• barr-¹ (“outstanding, extraordinary”)
• barr-² (“-topped”)
• beir barr (“surpass, overcome”, verb)
• bun agus barr (“the whole essence”)
• bun barr (“completely”)
• cé dhá bharr? (“why?”)
• dá bharr sin (“consequently”)
• dá bharr (“gained”)
• de bharr ar (“in addition to; in preference to”)
• de bharr go (“because”)
• de bharr (“because of”)
• dul i mbarr (“deprive”, verb)
• i mbarr do chéille (“out of one’s senses”)
• i mbarr d’anama (“with all one’s strength”)
• ó bhun go barr (“completely, from top to bottom”)
• príomhbharr (“main crop”)
• tabhair ar barr (“bring up, mention”, verb)
• tabhair barr (“surpass, excel”, verb)
• thar barr amach (“outright, completely”)
• thar barr (“excellent, exceedingly”)
• uchtbharr (“parapet”)

 

Related terms

• cafarr (“helmet, headpiece; kerchief”)

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

1. (transitive) top; surpass
2. (transitive, of nail) clinch

Conjugation

conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	barraim	barrann tú; barrair†	barrann sé, sí	barraimid	barrann sibh	barrann siad; barraid†	a bharrann; a bharras / a mbarrann*; a mbarras*	barrtar
	past	bharr mé; bharras	bharr tú; bharrais	bharr sé, sí	bharramar; bharr muid	bharr sibh; bharrabhair	bharr siad; bharradar	a bharr / ar bharr*	barradh
	past habitual	bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡	bharrtá / mbarrtᇇ	bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, s퇇	bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡	bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡	bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡	a bharradh / a mbarradh*	bharrtaí / mbarrta퇇
future		barrfaidh mé; barrfad	barrfaidh tú; barrfair†	barrfaidh sé, sí	barrfaimid; barrfaidh muid	barrfaidh sibh	barrfaidh siad; barrfaid†	a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas / a mbarrfaidh*; a mbarrfas*	barrfar
conditional		bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡	bharrfá / mbarrfᇇ	bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, s퇇	bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡	bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡	bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡	a bharrfadh / a mbarrfadh*	bharrfaí / mbarrfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go mbarra mé; go mbarrad†	go mbarra tú; go mbarrair†	go mbarra sé, sí	go mbarraimid; go mbarra muid	go mbarra sibh	go mbarra siad; go mbarraid†	—	go mbarrtar
	past	dá mbarrainn	dá mbarrtá	dá mbarradh sé, sí	dá mbarraimis; dá mbarradh muid	dá mbarradh sibh	dá mbarraidís; dá mbarradh siad	—	dá mbarrtaí
imperative		barraim	barr	barradh sé, sí	barraimis	barraigí; barraidh†	barraidís	—	barrtar
verbal noun		barradh
past participle		barrtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Compare English bar.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr)

1. bar, hindrance

Declension

Declension of barr

First declension

Bare forms (no plural of this noun) Case Singular Nominative barr Vocative a bhairr Genitive bairr Dative barr

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Nominative an barr Genitive an bhairr Dative leis an mbarr don bharr

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

1. (transitive) bar, hinder

Conjugation

conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	barraim	barrann tú; barrair†	barrann sé, sí	barraimid	barrann sibh	barrann siad; barraid†	a bharrann; a bharras / a mbarrann*; a mbarras*	barrtar
	past	bharr mé; bharras	bharr tú; bharrais	bharr sé, sí	bharramar; bharr muid	bharr sibh; bharrabhair	bharr siad; bharradar	a bharr / ar bharr*	barradh
	past habitual	bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡	bharrtá / mbarrtᇇ	bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, s퇇	bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡	bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡	bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡	a bharradh / a mbarradh*	bharrtaí / mbarrta퇇
future		barrfaidh mé; barrfad	barrfaidh tú; barrfair†	barrfaidh sé, sí	barrfaimid; barrfaidh muid	barrfaidh sibh	barrfaidh siad; barrfaid†	a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas / a mbarrfaidh*; a mbarrfas*	barrfar
conditional		bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡	bharrfá / mbarrfᇇ	bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, s퇇	bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡	bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡	bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡	a bharrfadh / a mbarrfadh*	bharrfaí / mbarrfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go mbarra mé; go mbarrad†	go mbarra tú; go mbarrair†	go mbarra sé, sí	go mbarraimid; go mbarra muid	go mbarra sibh	go mbarra siad; go mbarraid†	—	go mbarrtar
	past	dá mbarrainn	dá mbarrtá	dá mbarradh sé, sí	dá mbarraimis; dá mbarradh muid	dá mbarradh sibh	dá mbarraidís; dá mbarradh siad	—	dá mbarrtaí
imperative		barraim	barr	barradh sé, sí	barraimis	barraigí; barraidh†	barraidís	—	barrtar
verbal noun		barradh
past participle		barrtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
barr	bharr	mbarr
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “barr”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “barr”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “barr”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

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Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Irish barr), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bar/

Noun

barr m (plural barriau)

1. top
2. summit, crest

Mutation

Middle Welsh mutation
Radical	Soft	Nasal	Aspirate
barr	uarr / varr	marr	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

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Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Noun

barr n

1. acicular leaves, needles (of the fir or pine)
2. barley

Derived terms

• barraxlaðr (“high-shouldered, with sharp, prominent shoulderbones”)
• barrviðr (“pine-forrest; the wood of the fir”)

 

Descendants

• Faroese: barr
• Icelandic: barr
• Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
• Swedish: barr

References

• “barr”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Entry "barr" on page 43 in: Geir T. Zoëga "A Concise Dictionary of Old Islandic", Oxford at the Claredon Press (1910).

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Romani

Noun

barr m (plural barr)

1. Alternative form of bar (“stone”)

Derived terms

• barrari
• barruno

 

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Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse barr.

Noun

barr n

1. needle; leaf of a coniferous tree
2. (dated, slang, uncountable) hair

Declension

Declension of barr
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	barr	barret	barr	barren
Genitive	barrs	barrets	barrs	barrens

Related terms

• barra
• granbarr
• tallbarr

 

See also

• burr

Noun

barr c

1. (gymnastics) parallel bars

Declension

Declension of barr
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	barr	barren	barrar	barrarna
Genitive	barrs	barrens	barrars	barrarnas