kell
English
Pronunciation
- Rhymes: -ɛl
Etymology 1
Compare caul.
Noun
kell (plural kells)
- (obsolete) The caul.
- (obsolete, figurative) That which covers or envelops, like a caul; a net; a fold; a film.
- Beaumont and Fletcher
- I'll have him cut to the kell.
- Beaumont and Fletcher
- (obsolete) The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Ben Jonson to this entry?)
Etymology 2
Noun
kell (plural kells)
- A kiln.
Etymology 3
A modification of kale.
Noun
kell (uncountable)
- A sort of pottage; kale.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Ainsworth to this entry?)
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “kell”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)
Breton
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Cornish kell, Welsh caill).
Noun
kell f (plural kelloù, dual divgell)
Etymology 2
From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).
Noun
kell f (plural kelloù or killi)
- cell (of prisoner, monk):
Mutation
Cornish
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language code; the value "Revived Middle Cornish" is not valid. See WT:LOL. IPA(key): [kɛlː]
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language code; the value "Revived Late Cornish" is not valid. See WT:LOL. IPA(key): [kɛlʰ]
Etymology 1
From Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Breton kell, Welsh caill).
Noun
kell f (dual diwgell, plural kellow or kellyow)
Etymology 2
From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).
Noun
kell f (plural kellow or kellyow)
Mutation
Estonian
Etymology
Noun
kell (genitive kella, partitive kella)
Declension
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Derived terms
Hungarian
Etymology
From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kelke- (“to be necessary, need to, must, be obligatory”). [1][2]
Pronunciation
Verb
kell
- (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) must, need to, have to
- Ezt látnod kell. ― You have to / need to / must see it.
- to be needed
- Kell nekem az a ház. ― I need that house.
Usage notes
The subject of certain verbs is not someone who acts but a stimulus that prompts sensory or emotional feelings, like when things interest someone, matter to someone, please someone or appeal to someone. In these cases, the experiencer can take the accusative (e.g. interest) or the dative (e.g. appeal). The experiencer is expressed with the dative in the case of hiányzik (“to be missing or missed by someone”), ízlik (“to taste good”), kell (“to be needed, necessary, or required”), tetszik (“to be appealing”), and van/megvan (“to be had, to be owned by someone”).
If the experiencer is expressed with the accusative, third-person objects (him, her, it, or them) are considered definite, while first- and second-person objects (me, us, and you), indefinite. For example, the verb érdekel can take the definite form érdekli őt (“he/she is interested”, literally “it interests him/her”) or the indefinite form érdekel engem/téged/minket (“I am, you are, we are interested”, literally “it interests me, you, us”). The form érdekellek means “you are interested in me” (literally, “I interest you”). — Similar verbs include zavar (“to be bothered by”) and izgat (“to be intrigued by”).[3]
Conjugation
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kellek | kellesz | kell | kellünk | kelletek | kellenek | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | kellettem | kellettél | kellett | kellettünk | kellettetek | kellettek | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. kelleni fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | kellék | kellél | kelle | kellénk | kellétek | kellének | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. kell vala, kellett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | kellendek | kellendesz | kellend | kellendünk | kellendetek | kellendenek | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kellenék | kellenél | kellene | kellenénk | kellenétek | kellenének | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kellett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kelljek | kellj or kelljél |
kelljen | kelljünk | kelljetek | kelljenek | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kellett légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | kelleni | kellenem | kellened | kellenie | kellenünk | kellenetek | kelleniük | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
kellés | kellő | kellett | ― | kellve (kellvén) | |||||
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kellhetek | kellhetsz | kellhet | kellhetünk | kellhettek | kellhetnek | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | kellhettem | kellhettél | kellhetett | kellhettünk | kellhettetek | kellhettek | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | kellheték | kellhetél | kellhete | kellheténk | kellhetétek | kellhetének | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. kellhet vala, kellhetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | kellhetendek or kellandhatok |
kellhetendesz or kellandhatsz |
kellhetend or kellandhat |
kellhetendünk or kellandhatunk |
kellhetendetek or kellandhattok |
kellhetendenek or kellandhatnak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kellhetnék | kellhetnél | kellhetne | kellhetnénk | kellhetnétek | kellhetnének | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kellhetett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kellhessek | kellhess or kellhessél |
kellhessen | kellhessünk | kellhessetek | kellhessenek | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kellhetett légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (kellhetni) | (kellhetnem) | (kellhetned) | (kellhetnie) | (kellhetnünk) | (kellhetnetek) | (kellhetniük) | ||
Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (kellhetve / kellhetvén) | ||||
Derived terms
References
- ^ Entry #281 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ kell in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- ^ See also Verbs and adjectives that behave differently (in English vs. in Hungarian), Által (’By’), on the past participles derived from such verbs, On verbs of emotion, with special regard to their aspectual properties, especially the chart on page 3. In addition, see Thematic relation and Theta role in Wikipedia.
Maltese
Etymology
From kien (“was”) + l- (“to”).
Verb
kell- (imperfect ikoll)
- to belong to; expresses English have
- Kelli ktieb.
- I had a book.
- (literally, “It was to me a book.”)
- Ir-raġel kellu ktieb.
- The man had a book.
- (literally, “The man it was to him a book.”)
- (with following verb) to be obligatory for; to be necessary for; expresses English have to, must
- Kelli nikteb ktieb.
- I had to write a book.
- (literally, “It was to me (that) I write a book.”)
Usage notes
- The perfect of this verb expresses the past, while the imperfect expresses future and subjunctive senses. The present is expressed by forms of għand. This is equivalent to the situation in the underlying kien (“to be”), where the present is expressed (if expressed at all) by the personal pronouns.
- The verbal inflection is that of a defective verb that inflects only for tense (imperfect ikoll), but not for person or number. They who “have” something, or “have to do” something, are given with the appropriate personal suffixes (as above: kelli = it was to me = I had; kellu = it was to him = he had; etc.).
- Syntactically, it is not sound to define either of the two elements (possessor or thing possessed) as the object of the phrase. Rather the construction is that which in Arabic and Greek grammar is called a nominativus pendens: The possessor is prepositioned and referred back to with a personal suffix, while the thing possessed is the grammatical subject. This construction is generally popular in Maltese; for example: Ir-raġel qatluh. (“They killed the man.”, literally “The man, they killed him.”).
Inflection
Inflected forms of kell | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | kell | kellna | |||
2nd person | kell | kellkom | |||
3rd person | kell | kellha | kellhom |
See also
- għand (possessive)
- Rhymes:English/ɛl
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English terms with obsolete senses
- Requests for quotations/Ben Jonson
- English uncountable nouns
- Requests for quotations/Ainsworth
- Breton terms with IPA pronunciation
- Breton terms derived from Latin
- Breton lemmas
- Breton nouns
- Breton feminine nouns
- br:Anatomy
- Cornish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Cornish terms derived from Latin
- Cornish lemmas
- Cornish nouns
- Cornish feminine nouns
- kw:Anatomy
- Estonian terms derived from Swedish
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian nouns
- Estonian colloquialisms
- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms with audio links
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian verbs
- Hungarian auxiliary verbs
- Hungarian terms with usage examples
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese verbs
- Maltese terms with usage examples