kell

See also: Kell

English

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɛl

Etymology 1

Compare caul.

Noun

kell (plural kells)

1. (obsolete) The caul.
2. (obsolete, figuratively) That which covers or envelops, like a caul; a net; a fold; a film.
   • Beaumont and Fletcher

     I'll have him cut to the kell.

3. (obsolete) The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Ben Jonson to this entry?)

Etymology 2

Noun

kell (plural kells)

1. A kiln.

Etymology 3

A modification of kale.

Noun

kell (uncountable)

1. A sort of pottage; kale.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Ainsworth to this entry?)

Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for kell in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)

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Breton

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɛlː/

Etymology 1

From Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Cornish kell, Welsh caill).

Noun

kell f (plural kelloù, dual divgell)

1. testicle

Etymology 2

From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).

Noun

kell f (plural kelloù or killi)

1. cell (of prisoner, monk):

Mutation

  Mutation of kell  

Breton consonant mutation
	unmutated	soft	aspirate	hard
singular	kell	gell	c'hell	unchanged
plural	kelloù	gelloù	c'helloù	unchanged

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Cornish

Pronunciation

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [kɛlː]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [kɛlʰ]

Etymology 1

From Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Breton kell, Welsh caill).

Noun

kell f (dual diwgell, plural kellow or kellyow)

1. testicle

Etymology 2

From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).

Noun

kell f (plural kellow or kellyow)

1. cell

Mutation

  Mutation of kell  

Cornish consonant mutation
unmutated	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed	mixed after 'th
kell	gell	hell	unchanged	unchanged	unchanged

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Estonian

Etymology

From Swedish skälla.

Noun

kell (genitive kella, partitive kella)

1. clock
2. bell
3. (plural, colloquial) balls, testicles

Declension

Declension of kell (type külm)

	singular	plural
nominative	kell	kellad
genitive	kella	kellade
partitive	kella	kelli / kellasid
illative	kella / kellasse	kelladesse / kellisse
inessive	kellas	kellades / kellis
elative	kellast	kelladest / kellist
allative	kellale	kelladele / kellile
adessive	kellal	kelladel / kellil
ablative	kellalt	kelladelt / kellilt
translative	kellaks	kelladeks / kelliks
terminative	kellani	kelladeni
essive	kellana	kelladena
abessive	kellata	kelladeta
comitative	kellaga	kelladega

Derived terms

• käekell

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Hungarian

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kelke- (“to be necessary, need to, must, be obligatory”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkɛlː]

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

kell

1. (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) must, need to, have to

   Ezt látnod kell. ― You have to / need to / must see it.

2. to be needed

   Kell nekem az a ház. ― I need that house.

Conjugation

conjugation of kell

Infinitive			kelleni
Past participle			kellett
Present participle			kellő
Future participle			-
Adverbial participle			kellve
Potential			kellhet
			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd person sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd person pl formal
Indicative mood	Present	Indefinite	kellek	kellesz	kell	kellünk	kelletek	kellenek
		Definite	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
	Past	Indefinite	kellettem	kellettél	kellett	kellettünk	kellettetek	kellettek
		Definite	-
Conditional mood	Present	Indefinite	kellenék	kellenél	kellene	kellenénk	kellenétek	kellenének
		Definite	-
Subjunctive mood	Present	Indefinite	kelljek	kellj or kelljél	kelljen	kelljünk	kelljetek	kelljenek
		Definite	-
Conjugated infinitive			kellenem	kellened	kellenie	kellenünk	kellenetek	kelleniük

Derived terms

• kellék
• kellemes
• kellemetlen
• kellet
• kelletlen

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Maltese

Etymology

From kien (“was”) + l- (“to”).

Verb

kell- (imperfect ikoll)

1. to belong to; expresses English have

   Kelli ktieb.

   I had a book.

   (literally, “It was to me a book.”)

   Ir-raġel kellu ktieb.

   The man had a book.

   (literally, “The man it was to him a book.”)

2. (with following verb) to be obligatory for; to be necessary for; expresses English have to, must

   Kelli nikteb ktieb.

   I had to write a book.

   (literally, “It was to me (that) I write a book.”)

Usage notes

• The perfect of this verb expresses the past, while the imperfect expresses future and subjunctive senses. The present is expressed by forms of għand. This is equivalent to the situation in the underlying kien (“to be”), where the present is expressed (if expressed at all) by the personal pronouns.
• The verbal inflection is that of a defective verb that inflects only for tense (imperfect ikoll), but not for person or number. They who “have” something, or “have to do” something, are given with the appropriate personal suffixes (as above: kelli = it was to me = I had; kellu = it was to him = he had; etc.).
• Syntactically, it is not sound to define either of the two elements (possessor or thing possessed) as the object of the phrase. Rather the construction is that which in Arabic and Greek grammar is called a nominativus pendens: The possessor is prepositioned and referred back to with a personal suffix, while the thing possessed is the grammatical subject. This construction is generally popular in Maltese; for example: Ir-raġel qatluh. (“They killed the man.”, literally “The man, they killed him.”).

Inflection

    Inflected forms

Base form			kell
Personal-pronoun- including forms	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Common
First person	kelli		kellna
Second person	kellek		kellkom
Third person	kellu	kellha	kellhom

See also

• għand (possessive)