kell
English[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Compare caul.
Noun[edit]
kell (plural kells)
- (obsolete) The caul.
- (obsolete, figuratively) That which covers or envelops, like a caul; a net; a fold; a film.
- c. 1608–1610, Francis Beaumont; John Fletcher, “Philaster: Or, Love Lies a Bleeding”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1679, OCLC 3083972, Act V, scene iv:
- I'll have him cut to the kell.
- (obsolete) The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect.
- 1616, Ben Jonson, The Devil Is an Ass
- Bury himself in every silkworm's kell
- 1616, Ben Jonson, The Devil Is an Ass
Etymology 2[edit]
Noun[edit]
kell (plural kells)
- A kiln.
Etymology 3[edit]
Noun[edit]
kell (uncountable)
- Alternative spelling of kale (broth)
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for kell in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)
Breton[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Cornish kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).
Noun[edit]
kell f (plural kelloù, dual divgell)
Etymology 2[edit]
From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).
Noun[edit]
kell f (plural kelloù or killi)
- cell (of prisoner, monk):
Mutation[edit]
Cornish[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Breton kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).
Noun[edit]
kell f (dual diwgell, plural kellow or kellyow)
Etymology 2[edit]
From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).
Noun[edit]
kell f (plural kellow or kellyow)
Mutation[edit]
Cornish consonant mutation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unmutated | soft | aspirate | hard | mixed | mixed after 'th |
kell | gell | hell | unchanged | unchanged | unchanged |
Estonian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *kellä, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skellǭ (“bell”).
Noun[edit]
kell (genitive kella, partitive kella)
Declension[edit]
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | kell | kellad |
genitive | kella | kellade |
partitive | kella | kelli / kellasid |
illative | kella / kellasse | kelladesse / kellisse |
inessive | kellas | kellades / kellis |
elative | kellast | kelladest / kellist |
allative | kellale | kelladele / kellile |
adessive | kellal | kelladel / kellil |
ablative | kellalt | kelladelt / kellilt |
translative | kellaks | kelladeks / kelliks |
terminative | kellani | kelladeni |
essive | kellana | kelladena |
abessive | kellata | kelladeta |
comitative | kellaga | kelladega |
Derived terms[edit]
Hungarian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kelke- (“to be necessary, need to, must, be obligatory”). [1][2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
kell
- (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) must, need to, have to
- to be needed
- Synonym: szüksége van
- Kell nekem az a ház. ― I need that house.
Usage notes[edit]
Sometimes the subject of the verb is not one that does any action but the stimulus prompting sensory or emotional feeling (not deliberately), as in the case of people or things that interest someone, matter to someone, please someone or appeal to someone (or another entity), sometimes differently from the perspective in English. In these cases, the experiencer (the entity that receives sensory or emotional input) can take the accusative (e.g. interest) or the dative (e.g. appeal). The experiencer is expressed with the dative in the case of hiányzik (“to be missing or missed by someone”), ízlik (“to taste good, to be pleasing [as of food]”), kell (“to be needed, necessary, or required”), tetszik (“to be appealing”), and van/megvan (“to be had, to be owned by someone”).
If the experiencer is expressed with the accusative, the object may be the third person (him, her, it, or them), which is considered definite in Hungarian, or it may be a first- or second-person object (me, us, and you), considered as indefinite. For example, with the verb érdekel, it takes the definite form érdekli őt “he/she is interested” (literally, “it interests him/her”), and the indefinite form érdekel engem/téged/minket for “I am, you are, we are interested” (literally, “it interests me, you, us”) in present-tense singular. The form érdekellek means “you are interested in me” (literally, “I interest you”). – Verbs with a similar syntactic behavior include zavar (“to be bothered by”) and izgat (“to be upset or intrigued by”).[3]
Conjugation[edit]
1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kellek | kellesz | kell | kellünk | kelletek | kellenek |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | |||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | kellettem | kellettél | kellett | kellettünk | kellettetek | kellettek | |
Def. | ― | |||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kellenék | kellenél | kellene | kellenénk | kellenétek | kellenének |
Def. | ― | |||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kelljek | kellj or kelljél |
kelljen | kelljünk | kelljetek | kelljenek |
Def. | ― | |||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
Infinitive | kelleni | kellenem | kellened | kellenie | kellenünk | kellenetek | kelleniük | |
Other nonfinite verb forms |
Verbal noun | Present participle | Past participle | Future part. | Adverbial part. | Potential | ||
kellés | kellő | kellett | ― | kellve | kellhet |
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Entry #281 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.
- ^ kell in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- ^ See also Verbs and adjectives that behave differently (in English vs. in Hungarian), Által (’By’), on the past participles derived from such verbs, On verbs of emotion, with special regard to their aspectual properties, especially the chart on page 3. In addition, see Thematic relation and Theta role in Wikipedia.
Further reading[edit]
- kell in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Maltese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Univerbation of kien (“was”) + l- (“to”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
kell- (imperfect ikoll)
- to belong to; expresses English have
- Kelli ktieb.
- I had a book.
- (literally, “It was to me a book.”)
- Ir-raġel kellu ktieb.
- The man had a book.
- (literally, “The man it was to him a book.”)
- (with following verb) to be obligatory for; to be necessary for; expresses English have to, must
- Kelli nikteb ktieb.
- I had to write a book.
- (literally, “It was to me (that) I write a book.”)
Usage notes[edit]
- The perfect of this verb expresses the past, while the imperfect expresses future and subjunctive senses. The present is expressed by forms of għand. This is equivalent to the situation in the underlying kien (“to be”), where the present is expressed (if expressed at all) by the personal pronouns.
- The verbal inflection is that of a defective verb that inflects only for tense (imperfect ikoll), but not for person or number. They who “have” something, or “have to do” something, are given with the appropriate personal suffixes (as above: kelli = it was to me = I had; kellu = it was to him = he had; etc.).
- Syntactically, it is not sound to define either of the two elements (possessor or thing possessed) as the object of the phrase. Rather the construction is that which in Arabic and Greek grammar is called a nominativus pendens: The possessor is prepositioned and referred back to with a personal suffix, while the thing possessed is the grammatical subject. This construction is generally popular in Maltese; for example: Ir-raġel qatluh. (“They killed the man.”, literally “The man, they killed him.”).
Inflection[edit]
inflected forms of kell | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | kell | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | kelli | kellna | |||
2nd person | kellek | kellkom | |||
3rd person | kellu | kellha | kellhom |
See also[edit]
- għand (possessive)
Old Norse[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Verb[edit]
kell
- English 1-syllable words
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- Rhymes:English/ɛl
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- kw:Anatomy
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