kale

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kale"

English

Curly kale, one of the many varieties of kale

Etymology

From Northern Middle English cale, cal (Southern col), from Old English cāl, cāul, cāwel, from Latin caulis. Compare Icelandic kál (“cabbage”), German Kohl (“cabbage”). Doublet of caulis, cole, and gobi.

Pronunciation

• (UK, US, Canada) IPA^(key): /keɪl/
• (General Australian) IPA^(key): /kæɪl/

  • Audio (General Australian):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -eɪl
• Hyphenation: kale

Noun

kale (usually uncountable, plural kales)

1. An edible plant, similar to cabbage, with curled leaves that do not form a dense head (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

   Synonym: borecole

2. Any of several cabbage-like food plants that are kinds of Brassica oleracea.
3. (cooking) Broth containing kale as a chief ingredient.
4. (dated, slang) Money.
   • 1921, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Efficiency Expert‎^[1], HTML edition, The Gutenberg Project, published 2012:

     I’ll bet he takes nine-tenths of his kale from women and children, and he’s an honored citizen.

Derived terms

• Asian kale
• black kale
• Chinese kale
• curly kale
• dinosaur kale
• Italian kale
• kale runt
• muslin-kale
• palm tree kale
• Red Russian kale
• Russian kale
• sea kale
• Tuscan kale

Descendants

• → Japanese: ケール (kēru)

Translations

edible plant: Brassica oleracea acephala

• Afrikaans: boerkool
• Albanian: lakër jeshile
• Arabic: كُرْنُب أَجْعَد (kurnub ʔajʕad)
• Bulgarian: къдраво зеле n (kǎdravo zele)
• Catalan: col arrissada
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 羽衣甘藍 / 羽衣甘蓝 (yǔyī gānlán)

• Czech: kadeřávek (cs) m
• Danish: grønkål c
• Dutch: boerenkool (nl) f
• Esperanto: krispa brasiko (eo)
• Faroese: grønkál n
• Finnish: lehtikaali (fi)
• French: chou frisé (fr) m
• Galician: col (gl) f, verza (gl) f
• Georgian: კალე (ḳale), ხუჭუჭა კომბოსტო (xuč̣uč̣a ḳombosṭo)
• German: Grünkohl (de), Federkohl m (Switzerland)
• Greek: λαχανίδα (el) f (lachanída)
• Hungarian: kel (hu), fodros kel (hu), leveles kel
• Icelandic: grænkál (is)
• Irish: cál m
• Italian: cavolo nero m, cavolo riccio m
• Japanese: ケール (kēru), 緑葉甘藍 (ryokuyō kanran), 羽衣甘藍 (hagoromo kanran)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: کەیڵ (keyll)

• Kyrgyz: бакча капустасы (ky) (bakca kapustası), жем капуста (ky) (jem kapusta)
• Lao: ຜັກຜະລິດນ້າ (phak pha lit nā)
• Latin: crambe f
• Low German:

  Dutch Low Saxon: mous (Gronings)

• Macedonian: кељ m (kelj), кел m (kel)
• Norwegian: grønnkål c
• Persian: کلم برگ (kalam barg)
• Polish: jarmuż (pl) m
• Portuguese: couve-de-folhas f
• Romanian: varză verde f
• Russian: кале́ (ru) n (kalé), листова́я капу́ста f (listovája kapústa), грюнко́ль (ru) m (grjunkólʹ), браунко́ль m (braunkólʹ)
• Scots: kail
• Serbo-Croatian: kelj (sh) m, кељ m
• Slovak: kel m
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: zeleny kał m, wuchacowy kał m

• Spanish: col rizada f, kale (es) m (keil), repollo crespo m, berza rizosa f
• Swedish: grönkål (sv) c
• Thai: please add this translation if you can
• Turkish: lahana (tr), kelem (tr)
• Ukrainian: кейл (kejl)
• Vietnamese: cải xoăn
• Welsh: bresych deiliog (cy) m, cêl (cy) m

Anagrams

• Akel, Alek, Lake, Leak, lake, leak

Alemannic German

Etymology

Borrowed from French cailler, from Latin coāgulō.

Verb

kale

1. (Uri) to congeal, curdle

References

• Abegg, Emil, (1911) Die Mundart von Urseren (Beiträge zur Schweizerdeutschen Grammatik. IV.) [The Dialect of Urseren], Frauenfeld, Switzerland: Huber & Co., page 63.

Basque

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin callem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kale/ [ka.le]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ale, -e
• Hyphenation: ka‧le

Noun

kale inan

1. street

Declension

Declension of kale (inanimate, ending in vowel)

	indefinite	singular	plural
absolutive	kale	kalea	kaleak
ergative	kalek	kaleak	kaleek
dative	kaleri	kaleari	kaleei
genitive	kaleren	kalearen	kaleen
comitative	kalerekin	kalearekin	kaleekin
causative	kalerengatik	kalearengatik	kaleengatik
benefactive	kalerentzat	kalearentzat	kaleentzat
instrumental	kalez	kaleaz	kaleez
inessive	kaletan	kalean	kaleetan
locative	kaletako	kaleko	kaleetako
allative	kaletara	kalera	kaleetara
terminative	kaletaraino	kaleraino	kaleetaraino
directive	kaletarantz	kalerantz	kaleetarantz
destinative	kaletarako	kalerako	kaleetarako
ablative	kaletatik	kaletik	kaleetatik
partitive	kalerik	—	—
prolative	kaletzat	—	—

Derived terms

• kale egin
• kale gorri
• kale itsu
• kale-agerraldi (“demonstration”)
• kale-argi
• kale-baserri
• kale-bazter
• kale-ertz
• kale-garbitzaile
• kale-kantoi
• kale-txakur
• kalean utzi
• kalejira
• kalekume
• kalera atera
• kalera bidali
• kalera bota
• kaleratu
• kaletar
• kaletartu
• kalezulo

Further reading

• “kale”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
• “kale”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkalɛ]

Verb

kale

1. masculine singular present transgressive of kalit

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

kale

1. inflection of kaal:
   1. masculine/feminine singular attributive
   2. definite neuter singular attributive
   3. plural attributive

Anagrams

• lake

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalëh (“husk, chaff”), probably borrowed and derived from Proto-Germanic *skaljō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑleˣ/, [ˈkɑ̝le̞(ʔ)]
• Rhymes: -ɑle
• Hyphenation^(key): ka‧le

Noun

kale

1. (botany) glume

Declension

Inflection of kale (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
nominative		kale	kaleet
genitive		kaleen	kaleiden kaleitten
partitive		kaletta	kaleita
illative		kaleeseen	kaleisiin kaleihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kale	kaleet
accusative	nom.	kale	kaleet
	gen.	kaleen
genitive		kaleen	kaleiden kaleitten
partitive		kaletta	kaleita
inessive		kaleessa	kaleissa
elative		kaleesta	kaleista
illative		kaleeseen	kaleisiin kaleihin
adessive		kaleella	kaleilla
ablative		kaleelta	kaleilta
allative		kaleelle	kaleille
essive		kaleena	kaleina
translative		kaleeksi	kaleiksi
abessive		kaleetta	kaleitta
instructive		—	kalein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kale (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kaleeni kaleeni accusative nom. kaleeni kaleeni gen. kaleeni genitive kaleeni kaleideni kaleitteni partitive kalettani kaleitani inessive kaleessani kaleissani elative kaleestani kaleistani illative kaleeseeni kaleisiini kaleihini adessive kaleellani kaleillani ablative kaleeltani kaleiltani allative kaleelleni kaleilleni essive kaleenani kaleinani translative kaleekseni kaleikseni abessive kaleettani kaleittani instructive — — comitative — kaleineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kaleesi kaleesi accusative nom. kaleesi kaleesi gen. kaleesi genitive kaleesi kaleidesi kaleittesi partitive kalettasi kaleitasi inessive kaleessasi kaleissasi elative kaleestasi kaleistasi illative kaleeseesi kaleisiisi kaleihisi adessive kaleellasi kaleillasi ablative kaleeltasi kaleiltasi allative kaleellesi kaleillesi essive kaleenasi kaleinasi translative kaleeksesi kaleiksesi abessive kaleettasi kaleittasi instructive — — comitative — kaleinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kaleemme kaleemme accusative nom. kaleemme kaleemme gen. kaleemme genitive kaleemme kaleidemme kaleittemme partitive kalettamme kaleitamme inessive kaleessamme kaleissamme elative kaleestamme kaleistamme illative kaleeseemme kaleisiimme kaleihimme adessive kaleellamme kaleillamme ablative kaleeltamme kaleiltamme allative kaleellemme kaleillemme essive kaleenamme kaleinamme translative kaleeksemme kaleiksemme abessive kaleettamme kaleittamme instructive — — comitative — kaleinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kaleenne kaleenne accusative nom. kaleenne kaleenne gen. kaleenne genitive kaleenne kaleidenne kaleittenne partitive kalettanne kaleitanne inessive kaleessanne kaleissanne elative kaleestanne kaleistanne illative kaleeseenne kaleisiinne kaleihinne adessive kaleellanne kaleillanne ablative kaleeltanne kaleiltanne allative kaleellenne kaleillenne essive kaleenanne kaleinanne translative kaleeksenne kaleiksenne abessive kaleettanne kaleittanne instructive — — comitative — kaleinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative kaleensa kaleensa accusative nom. kaleensa kaleensa gen. kaleensa genitive kaleensa kaleidensa kaleittensa partitive kalettaan kalettansa kaleitaan kaleitansa inessive kaleessaan kaleessansa kaleissaan kaleissansa elative kaleestaan kaleestansa kaleistaan kaleistansa illative kaleeseensa kaleisiinsa kaleihinsa adessive kaleellaan kaleellansa kaleillaan kaleillansa ablative kaleeltaan kaleeltansa kaleiltaan kaleiltansa allative kaleelleen kaleellensa kaleilleen kaleillensa essive kaleenaan kaleenansa kaleinaan kaleinansa translative kaleekseen kaleeksensa kaleikseen kaleiksensa abessive kaleettaan kaleettansa kaleittaan kaleittansa instructive — — comitative — kaleineen kaleinensa

See also

• helve

Further reading

• “kale”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

Anagrams

• Kela, kela, leka

Ladino

Etymology

Perhaps from Catalan cal, from the verb caldre; perhaps influenced by Portuguese cabe, from the verb caber.

Verb

kale

1. (defective) should or ought to

Lithuanian

Noun

kalè

1. instrumental singular of kalė̃ (“bitch”)

Noun

kãle

1. vocative singular of kãle (“bitch”)

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkalɛ/

Noun

kale

1. locative singular of kał

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkalɛ]

Noun

kale (Lontara spelling ᨀᨒᨙ)

1. body

Moore

Etymology

from French caler

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ká.le/

Verb

kale

1. to hold or block with a wedge

Morelos Nahuatl

Noun

kale

1. house

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.lɛ/
• Rhymes: -alɛ
• Syllabification: ka‧le

Noun

kale m

1. locative/vocative singular of kał

Romani

Adjective

kale

1. inflection of kalo:
   1. nominative plural
   2. oblique masculine singular/feminine singular/plural

Serbo-Croatian

Verb

kale (Cyrillic spelling кале)

1. third-person plural present of káliti

Noun

kale (Cyrillic spelling кале)

1. accusative plural of kal

Swahili

Etymology

From the fossilized class 12 form of the distal demonstrative -le.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

kale class IX (plural kale class X)

1. antiquity, the past

Adjective

-a kale (invariable)

1. ancient, old

Synonyms

• ukale

Antonyms

• -pya

Swedish

Adjective

kale

1. definite natural masculine singular of kal

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish قلعه (kal'a), قله (kale), from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fort, fortress”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kaˈle/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

kale (definite accusative kaleyi, plural kaleler)

1. fort, castle, fortress, stronghold
2. (chess) rook
3. (sports) goal (an area into which the players attempt to put the ball)
4. (politics) stronghold (of an ideology)

Declension

Declension of kale

singular plural nominative kale kaleler definite accusative kaleyi kaleleri dative kaleye kalelere locative kalede kalelerde ablative kaleden kalelerden genitive kalenin kalelerin Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular kalem kalelerim 2nd singular kalen kalelerin 3rd singular kalesi kaleleri 1st plural kalemiz kalelerimiz 2nd plural kaleniz kaleleriniz 3rd plural kaleleri kaleleri definite accusative singular plural 1st singular kalemi kalelerimi 2nd singular kaleni kalelerini 3rd singular kalesini kalelerini 1st plural kalemizi kalelerimizi 2nd plural kalenizi kalelerinizi 3rd plural kalelerini kalelerini dative singular plural 1st singular kaleme kalelerime 2nd singular kalene kalelerine 3rd singular kalesine kalelerine 1st plural kalemize kalelerimize 2nd plural kalenize kalelerinize 3rd plural kalelerine kalelerine locative singular plural 1st singular kalemde kalelerimde 2nd singular kalende kalelerinde 3rd singular kalesinde kalelerinde 1st plural kalemizde kalelerimizde 2nd plural kalenizde kalelerinizde 3rd plural kalelerinde kalelerinde ablative singular plural 1st singular kalemden kalelerimden 2nd singular kalenden kalelerinden 3rd singular kalesinden kalelerinden 1st plural kalemizden kalelerimizden 2nd plural kalenizden kalelerinizden 3rd plural kalelerinden kalelerinden genitive singular plural 1st singular kalemin kalelerimin 2nd singular kalenin kalelerinin 3rd singular kalesinin kalelerinin 1st plural kalemizin kalelerimizin 2nd plural kalenizin kalelerinizin 3rd plural kalelerinin kalelerinin

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kale”, in Nişanyan Sözlük