שבת

Aramaic

Verb

שְׁבַת • (šəḇaṯ)

1. rest; observe the Sabbath

Noun

שַׁבַּת • (šabbaṯ)

1. singular construct state of שבתא

Hebrew

Etymology 1

Root
שׁ־ב־ת (sh-b-t)
4 terms

Possibly borrowed from Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀜𒌈 (šapattum, “the middle day of the lunar month”).

Pronunciation

• (Modern Israeli) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈbat/
• (Tiberian) IPA^(key): /ʃabˈbɔθ/, [ʃabˈbɔːθ]
• (Biblical) IPA^(key): /ʃabˈbaːt/, [ʃabˈbaːtʰ], [ʃabˈbaːθ]
• (Ashkenazi) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈbɔs/, /ˈʃabɔs/
• (Yemenite) IPA^(key): /ʃabˈbɔθ/, [ʃæbˈbɔːθ], [ˈʃæb.bɔːθ]
• (Sephardi) IPA^(key): /ʃa(b)ˈbat/, [ʃa(b)ˈbat̪]
• (Greek Hebrew) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈbaθ/
• (Italian) IPA^(key): /ʃabˈbad/, /ʃaˈbad/
• (Iraqi) IPA^(key): /ʃabˈbaːθ/
• (Persian) IPA^(key): /ʃæˈbɒt/, [ʃæˈbɒːt̪ʰ]

Noun

שַׁבָּת • (shabát) f (plural indefinite שַׁבָּתוֹת)

1. Shabbat, Sabbath; weekly day of rest
   • a. 500 CE, Genesis Rabbah, 17:5, with translation from Sefaria:

     רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר יִצְחָק אָמַר: ג׳ נוֹבְלוֹת הֵן: נוֹבֶלֶת מִיתָה שֵׁינָה, נוֹבֶלֶת נְבוּאָה חֲלוֹם, נוֹבֶלֶת הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שַׁבָּת.

     Rabbi Hanina bar Yitzhak said: they are three samples: a sample of death is sleep, a sample of prophecy is dream, a sample of the world-to-come is the Sabbath.

2. Saturday
3. (archaic) week (Mishnaic Hebrew)

Derived terms

• מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת (motsa'é shabát)
• שַׁבָּתוֹן (shabatón)
• שַׁבַּת שָׁלוֹם (shabát shalóm)
• שׁוֹמֵר שַׁבָּת (shomér shabát)

Descendants

• → Ancient Greek: σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”)
  • Greek: Σάββατο (Sávvato)
  • Byzantine Greek: *σάμβατον (*sámbaton) (see there for further descendants)
  • → Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (sabbatō)
  • → Romani: sàvato
  • → Old Armenian: սաբբատ (sabbat), սաբատ (sabat)
  • → Mingrelian: საბატონი (sabaṭoni) (see there for further descendants)
  • → Latin: sabbatum (see there for further descendants)
  • → Laz: საბატონი (sabaťoni), საპატონი (sap̌aťoni) — Sumla, Arkabi
• → Arabic: السَّبْت (as-sabt)
• → Classical Persian: شَنْبَه (šanba), شَنْبِهْ (šanbih) (see there for further descendants)
• → Classical Syriac: ܫܒܬܐ (šabbəṯā)
  • → Old Armenian: շաբաթ (šabatʻ) (see there for further descendants)
• → Dutch: sjabbat
• → English: Shabbat
• → French: chabbat, shabbat
• → Georgian: შაბაში (šabaši)
• → German: Schabbat, Schabbath
• → Judeo-Tat: şobot
• → Norwegian: sabbat
• → Polish: szabat
  • → Russian: ша́баш (šábaš)
  • → Ukrainian: ша́баш (šábaš)
• → Romanian: Șabat
• → Russian: Шабба́т (Šabbát)
• → Yiddish: שבת (shabes)
  • → Czech: šábes
  • → Dutch: sjabbes
  • → English: Shabbos
  • → German: Schabbes
  • → Hungarian: sábesz
  • → Polish: szabas
  • → Swedish: shabbes
  • → Ukrainian: ша́бас (šábas)

References

• H7676 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible

Verb

שָׁבַת • (shavát) (pa'al construction, future ישבות / יִשְׁבֹּת)

1. to stop working, to rest
   • Tanach, Genesis 2:2-3, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

     וַיְכַל אֱלֹהִים בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וַיִּשְׁבֹּת בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה׃ וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת־יוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים לַעֲשׂוֹת׃

     vay'khál elohím bayóm hash'vi'í m'lakhtó ashér asá vayishbót bayóm hash'vi'í mikol-m'lakhtó ashér asá. vay'várekh elohím et-yóm hash'vi'í vay'kadésh otó kí vó shavát mikol-m'lakhtó asher-bará elohím la'asót.
     wayəḵal ʾĕlōhīm bayyōm haššəḇīʿī məlaḵtō ʾăšer ʿāśā wayyišbōṯ bayyōm haššəḇīʿī mikkol-məlaḵtō ʾăšer ʿāśā. wayəḇā́reḵ ʾĕlōhīm ʾeṯ-yōm haššəḇīʿī wayəqaddēš ʾōṯō kī ḇō šāḇaṯ mikkol-məlaḵtō ʾăšer-bārā ʾĕlōhīm laʿăśōṯ.

     And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it; because that in it He rested from all His work which God in creating had made.

2. to go on strike

Conjugation

Conjugation of שָׁבַת (see also Appendix:Hebrew verbs)

non-finite forms		to-infinitive		לשבות / לִשְׁבֹּת
		action noun		שְׁבִיתָה
		passive participle		—
finite forms		singular		plural
		m	f	m	f
past	first	שָׁבַתִּי		שָׁבַתְנוּ
	second	שָׁבַתָּ	שָׁבַתְּ	שְׁבַתֶּם1	שְׁבַתֶּן1
	third	שָׁבַת	שָׁבְתָה	שָׁבְתוּ
present		שׁוֹבֵת	שׁוֹבֶתֶת	שׁוֹבְתִים	שׁוֹבְתוֹת
future	first	אשבות / אֶשְׁבֹּת		נשבות / נִשְׁבֹּת
	second	תשבות / תִּשְׁבֹּת	תִּשְׁבְּתִי	תִּשְׁבְּתוּ	תשבותנה / תִּשְׁבֹּתְנָה2
	third	ישבות / יִשְׁבֹּת	תשבות / תִּשְׁבֹּת	יִשְׁבְּתוּ	תשבותנה / תִּשְׁבֹּתְנָה2
imperative	positive	שבות / שְׁבֹת	שִׁבְתִי	שִׁבְתוּ	שבותנה / שְׁבֹתְנָה2
	negative	אַל + Second person future tense

¹ Commonly pronounced שָׁבַתֶּם and שָׁבַתֶּן in Modern Hebrew (by analogy with other past forms).
² Rare in Modern Hebrew.

Derived terms

• שְׁבִיתָה (sh'vitá)

Etymology 2

Root
י־שׁ־ב (y-sh-b)
17 terms

Verb

שֶׁבֶת • (shévet)

1. bare infinitive (infinitive construct or gerund) of יָשַׁב (yasháv)

Etymology 3

From Talmudic Hebrew, from Akkadian 𒅆𒂍𒌈 (/⁠šibittu⁠/); cognate to Persian شوید (ševid), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic שִׁיבְתָא (šiḇəṯā), Classical Syriac ܫܒܬܐ. (Arabic شِبِثّ (šibiṯṯ) comes via Aramaic.)

Pronunciation

• (Mishnaic) IPA^(key): /ʃe.ˈbeːθ/, [ʃe.ˈβeːθ]
• (Tiberian) IPA^(key): /ˈʃɛ.vɛθ/, [ˈʃɛː.vɛː(.ɛ)θ]
• (Mizrahi) IPA^(key): /ˈʃe.bet/
• (Iraqi) IPA^(key): /ˈʃe.beθ/
• (Sephardi) IPA^(key): /ˈʃe.vet/
• (Ashkenazi) IPA^(key): /ˈʃe.ves/
• (Yemenite) IPA^(key): /ˈʃæ.væθ/
• (Modern Israeli) IPA^(key): /ˈʃe.vet/, [ˈʃe̞.ve̞tʰ]

Noun

שֶׁבֶת • (šévet) m

1. (dated) Dill
   • שבת קי״ט א:ח׳

     אָמַר לוֹ קֵיסָר לְרבי יהושע בן חנניה: מִפְּנֵי מָה תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁל שַׁבָּת רֵיחוֹ נוֹדֵף? אָמַר לוֹ: תַּבְלִין אֶחָד יֵשׁ לָנוּ וְשֶׁבֶת שְׁמוֹ….

     Caesar said to Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah: "Why does the Shabbat dish's smell propagate?" He replied: "We have one spice [called] shevéth…"

Derived terms

• שֶׁבֶת רֵיחָנִי (shévet re(y)chaní)

Yiddish

Etymology

From Hebrew שַׁבָּת (shabát) . Related to German Samstag.

Pronunciation

• (YIVO, Northeastern, Mideastern) IPA^(key): [ˈʃa.bəs]
• (Southeastern) IPA^(key): [ˈʃɔ.bəs]
• (Western Yiddish) IPA^(key): [ˈʃa.vəs]

Noun

שבת • (shabes) m, plural שבתים (shabosem)

1. Saturday
2. Sabbath, Shabbat

Derived terms

• אַ גוטן שבת (a gutn shabes)
• גוט שבת (gut shabes)
• שבתדיק (shabesdik)
• שבת גוי (shabes goy)

Descendants

• → Czech: šábes
• → Dutch: sjabbes
• → English: Shabbos
• → German: Schabbes
• → Hungarian: sábesz
• → Polish: szabas
• → Swedish: shabbes
• → Ukrainian: ша́бас (šábas)

See also

• days of the week: די טעג פֿון דער וואָך (di teg fun der vokh) (appendix): זונטיק (zuntik) · מאָנטיק (montik) · דינסטיק (dinstik) · מיטוואָך (mitvokh) · דאָנערשטיק (donershtik) · פֿרײַטיק (fraytik) · שבת (shabes) ^[edit]