凍

See also: 冻

Translingual

Han character

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 3519₆, composition ⿰冫東)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
• Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
• Unihan data for U+51CD

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Chinese

trad.		凍
simp.		冻

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
東	*toːŋ
菄	*toːŋ
鶇	*toːŋ
倲	*toːŋ
涷	*toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀	*toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍	*toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟	*toːŋ
崠	*toːŋ
埬	*toːŋ
棟	*toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dòng (dong⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tòng / tàng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dong³ / dang³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
    • Wade–Giles: tung⁴
    • Yale: dùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
    • Palladius: дун (dun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dung³
    • Yale: dung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dung³
    • Guangdong Romanization: dung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
    • Hakka Romanization System: dung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tòng / tàng
    • Tâi-lô: tòng / tàng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: doxng, daxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²¹/, /taŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ⁴¹/, /taŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ²¹/, /taŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ¹¹/, /taŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²¹/, /taŋ²¹/

Note:

• tòng - literary;
• tàng - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: dong³ / dang³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tòng / tàng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ²¹³/, /taŋ²¹³/

Note:

• dong3 - literary;
• dang3 - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: tuwng, tuwngH

Rime
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	多貢切
Baxter	tuwng	tuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/təwŋH/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung1	dung3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwngH ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁoŋ-s/
English	freeze
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	2441	2447
Phonetic component	東	東
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	涷
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*toːŋs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 凍

1. cold; (of weather) chilly
2. to freeze
3. jelly
4. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Yantai (Muping)	冷
	Jinan	冷
	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
	Yinchuan	冷
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
	Singapore	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Northern Min	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Southern Min	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	冷, 寒, 凊
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Lishui	冷
	Jinhua	冷
	Yushan	凊
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

凍

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. frozen

Readings

• Go-on: つう (tsū)^{←つう (tuu, historical)}
• Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)^{←とう (tou, historical)}
• Kun: こおる (kōru, 凍る, Jōyō)^{←こほる (koforu, こほる, historical)}; こごえる (kogoeru, 凍える, Jōyō)

Compounds

• 不(ふ)凍(とう) (futō, “nonfreezing”)

Related terms

• 凍(い)てる (iteru)
• 凍(こお)る (kōru)
• 凍(こご)える (kogoeru)
• 凍(し)みる (shimiru)
• 凍(こお)らす (kōrasu)

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Korean

Hanja

凍 (eum 동 (dong))

1. freeze
2. cold, congeal
3. jelly

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Vietnamese

Han character

凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.