制

See also: 製

Translingual

Han character

制 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹月中弓 (HBLN), four-corner 2220₀, composition ⿰⿻牛冂刂)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 139, character 2
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1961
• Dae Jaweon: page 315, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 335, character 1
• Unihan data for U+5236

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Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 制
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (制) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
制	*kjeds
淛	*kjeds
製	*kjeds
掣	*kʰjeds, *kʰjed
痸	*kʰjeds
猘	*kreds

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		制

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhì (zhi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zai³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chè / chì

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhì
    • Zhuyin: ㄓˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhìh
    • Wade–Giles: chih⁴
    • Yale: jr̀
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyh
    • Palladius: чжи (čži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zai³
    • Yale: jai
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzai³
    • Guangdong Romanization: zei³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ
    • Hakka Romanization System: zii
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
    • Tâi-lô: tsè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zex
    • IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì
    • Tâi-lô: tsì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: cix
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: tsyejH

Rime
Character	制
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	祭 (35)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	征例切
Baxter	tsyejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇiH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛiH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjæiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciajH/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɛiH/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭɛiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ɛiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zai3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tet-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kjeds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	制
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyejH ›
Old Chinese	/*tet-s/
English	cut out, prepare
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	制
Reading #	1/1
No.	17377
Phonetic component	制
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	制
Old Chinese	/*kjeds/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 制

1. to plan; to regulate
2. to restrict; to limit; to control
3. to rule; to decide; to overpower
4. system; law; rules
5. (historical) edict of ancient Chinese rulers

   • 國君死社稷，大夫死眾，士死制。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     国君死社稷，大夫死众，士死制。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Guójūn sǐ shèjì, dàfū sǐ zhòng, shì sǐ zhì. [Pinyin]

     A ruler should die for his altars; a great officer, with the host (he commands); an inferior officer, for his charge.

6. (historical) mourning rite on behalf of parents' deaths in ancient China

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 制 – see 製 (“to make; to manufacture; to produce; to cut out”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 製).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

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Japanese

Kanji

制

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: せ (se)
• Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
• Kun: おさえる (osaeru, 制える)
• Nanori: いさむ (isamu); おさむ (osamu); さだ (sada); すけ (suke); ただ (tada); のり (nori)

Suffix

制(せい) or 制(suffix) • (sei or suffix) [[Category:Japanese
|せい]]

1. system

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Korean

Hanja

制 (eum 제 (je))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

制: Hán Nôm readings: chế, chới, chơi, choi, xế, xiết

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.