勉

勉 U+FA33, 勉 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA33 ← 免 [U+FA32] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勤 → [U+FA34]

勉 U+2F826, 勉 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F826 ← 勇 [U+2F825] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 勤 → [U+2F827]

Translingual

Japanese	勉
Simplified	勉
Traditional	勉

Alternative forms

Note that in Japanese shinjitai, the bottom left handed stroke ㇓ of 免 is written as two separate components (𫩏+儿).

Han character

勉 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+7 in Chinese, 力+8 in Japanese, 9 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓山大尸 (NUKS), four-corner 2421₂, composition ⿺免力)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 147, character 37
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2384
• Dae Jaweon: page 333, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 372, character 3
• Unihan data for U+52C9

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		勉

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
免	*mronʔ
娩	*mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns
勉	*mronʔ
俛	*mronʔ
鮸	*mronʔ
冕	*mronʔ
絻	*mronʔ, *moːn, *muns
婏	*m̥ʰos
浼	*muːlʔ
鞔	*moːn
悗	*moːn
嬎	*m̥ʰons
晚	*monʔ
挽	*monʔ
輓	*monʔ, *mons
脕	*monʔ, *mons, *muns
莬	*muns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mronʔ) : phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – make a strong effort.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): miǎn (mian³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): min⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bián

  (Teochew, Peng'im): miang² / miêng²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
    • Wade–Giles: mien³
    • Yale: myǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
    • Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: min⁵
    • Yale: míhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: min⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: min⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miːn¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
    • Tâi-lô: bián
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biern
    • IPA (Xiamen): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: miang² / miêng²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miáng / miéng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miaŋ⁵²/, /mieŋ⁵²/

Note:

• miang2 - Shantou;
• miêng2 - Chaozhou.

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• Middle Chinese: mjenX

Rime
Character	勉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	亡辨切
Baxter	mjenX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiᴇnX/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚiɛnX/
Shao Rongfen	/miænX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mianX/
Li Rong	/mjɛnX/
Wang Li	/mĭɛnX/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ɛnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	miǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	min5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mr[o][r]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mronʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	miǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ mjenX ›
Old Chinese	/*mr[o][r]ʔ/
English	make an effort
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勉
Reading #	1/1
No.	9068
Phonetic component	免
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	免
Old Chinese	/*mronʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 勉

1. to endeavor; to make an effort
2. to encourage; to urge
3. to force; to do something reluctantly
4. ^† to hurry; quickly
5. ^† (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 娩 (miǎn, “to give birth to a child”).
6. a surname

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Japanese

Shinjitai	勉
Kyūjitai	勉

Kanji

勉

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: めん (men)
• Kan-on: べん (ben, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 勉める); はげます (hagemasu, 勉ます); やつ (yatsu); ひこ (hiko)

Compounds

• 勉学(べんがく) (bengaku): study
• 勉強(べんきょう) (benkyō): study, studies
• 勉励(べんれい) (benrei): effort, striving

Proper noun

勉(つとむ) • (Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

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Korean

Hanja

勉 (eum 면 (myeon))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

勉: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mến, mễn, mịn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.