咽

See also: 嚥

咽 U+54BD, 咽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-54BD ← 咼 [U+54BC] CJK Unified Ideographs 咾 → [U+54BE]

咽 U+F99E, 咽 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F99E ← 劣 [U+F99D] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 烈 → [U+F99F]

Translingual

Han character

咽 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+6, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 口田大 (RWK), four-corner 6600₀, composition ⿰口因)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 188, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3577
• Dae Jaweon: page 407, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 616, character 2
• Unihan data for U+54BD

• Unihan data for U+F99E

Chinese

simp. and trad.		咽
alternative forms		𠰸 胭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (因) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
欭	*qrils
烟	*qiːn, *qin
胭	*qiːn
咽	*qiːn, *qiːns, *qiːd
恩	*qɯːn
煾	*qɯːn
因	*qin
姻	*qin
茵	*qin
鞇	*qin
氤	*qin
洇	*qin
駰	*qin, *qrin
絪	*qin
裀	*qin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qiːn, *qiːns, *qiːd): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 因 (OC *qin) – connected to the mouth, the throat.

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yān (yan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jin¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ian

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yān
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yan
    • Wade–Giles: yen¹
    • Yale: yān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ian
    • Palladius: янь (janʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jin¹
    • Yale: yīn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jin¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yin¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːn⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ian
    • Tâi-lô: ian
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iefn
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /iɛn³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɛn⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'en

Rime
Character	咽
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	烏前切
Baxter	'en
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔen/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔen/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔɛn/
Li Rong	/ʔen/
Wang Li	/ien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤi[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qiːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咽
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yān
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔen ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁi[n]/
English	gullet
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咽
Reading #	1/3
No.	15172
Phonetic component	因
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	煙
Old Chinese	/*qiːn/

Definitions

咽

1. (anatomy) throat, pharynx

Compounds

• 口咽 (kǒuyān)
• 咽喉 (yānhóu)
• 咽炎 (yānyán)
• 咽頭 / 咽头 (yāntóu)
• 喉咽 (hóuyān)
• 鼻咽 (bíyān)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 咽 – see 嚥 (“to swallow”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 嚥).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yè (ye⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jit³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yè
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yè
    • Wade–Giles: yeh⁴
    • Yale: yè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeh
    • Palladius: е (je)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jit³
    • Yale: yit
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jit⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: yid³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːt̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'et

Rime
Character	咽
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	屑 (87)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	烏結切
Baxter	'et
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔet̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔet̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɛt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔɛt̚/
Li Rong	/ʔet̚/
Wang Li	/iet̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔiet̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ye
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jit3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qiːd/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咽
Reading #	3/3
No.	15187
Phonetic component	因
Rime group	質
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	噎
Old Chinese	/*qiːd/

Definitions

咽

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to make a hoarse sound

Compounds

• 咉咽
• 哽咽 (gěngyè)
• 嗚咽 / 呜咽 (wūyè)

Japanese

Kanji

咽

(Jōyō kanji)

1. throat

Readings

• Go-on: えち (echi)、えん (en)
• Kan-on: えつ (etsu)、えん (en)
• Kan’yō-on: いん (in, Jōyō)
• Kun: のど (nodo, 咽)

Compounds

• 嗚(お)咽(えつ) (oetsu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
咽
いん Grade: S
kan'yōon

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ĩɴ]

Affix

咽(いん) • (in) 

1. throat

Derived terms

• 咽(いん)喉(こう) (inkō)
• 咽(いん)頭(とう) (intō)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
咽
えつ Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 咽 (MC 'et).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [e̞t͡sɨ]

Affix

咽(えつ) • (etsu) 

1. choked; smothered: only used in 嗚咽 (oetsu, “sobbing (n.), to sob (v.)”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
咽
えん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 咽 / 嚥 (MC 'enH).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ẽ̞ɴ]

Affix

咽(えん) • (en) 

1. alternative form of 嚥 (en, “swallow; gulp down”): only used in 咽下 (enka, enge, “swallowing (n.), to swallow (v.)”)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
咽
のど Grade: S
kun'yomi

Kanji in this term
咽
のんど Grade: S
kun'yomi

Kanji in this term
咽
のみど Grade: S
kun'yomi

Kanji in this term
咽
のみと Grade: S
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 咽 – see the following entry.

【喉のど】S [noun] throat [noun] singing voice; singing ability [noun] (printing, of a page) the inside margin; the vertical margin adjacent to the spine of the book [noun] (by extension) one's vitals Alternative spelling 吭 【喉のんど】S [noun] throat 【喉のみど】S [noun] throat 【喉のみと】S [noun] throat

(This term, 咽, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

• “^△咽”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 咽 (MC 'en).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅙᅧᆫ (Yale: qyèn)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]	목ᄭᅮ무 (Yale: mwòk-s-kwùmwù)	연 (Yale: yèn)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	식구무 (Yale: sik-kwumwu)	연 (Yale: yen)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [in]
• Phonetic hangul: [인]

Hanja

咽 (eumhun 목구멍 인 (mokgumeong in))

1. hanja form^? of 인 (“throat; pharynx”) [affix]

Compounds

• 이비인후과 (耳鼻咽喉科, ibiinhugwa)
• 인두 (咽頭, indu)
• 인후 (咽喉, inhu)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 咽 (MC 'et).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅙᅧᇙ〮 (Yale: qyélq)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	목몔 (Yale: mwok-myeyl)	열 (Yale: yel)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
• Phonetic hangul: [열]

Hanja

咽 (eumhun 목멜 열 (mongmel yeol))

1. hanja form^? of 열 (“Used in 오열(嗚咽) (oyeol, “sobbing”): choked; smothered”)

Compounds

• 오열 (嗚咽, oyeol, “sobbing”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

咽: Hán Nôm readings: yết, nhằn, ịt, nhiết, yến

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