열

열	U+C5F4, 열 HANGUL SYLLABLE YEOL

Composition:

ㅇ + ㅕ + ㄹ

← 엳
[U+C5F3]

Hangul Syllables

엵 →
[U+C5F5]

에 ←	→ 예
여 역 엮 엯 연 엱 엲 엳열엵 엶 엷 엸 엹 엺 엻 염 엽 엾 엿 였 영 옂 옃 옄 옅 옆 옇

Jeju

**Jeju numbers ^(edit)**
← 1	^{[a], [b]} ← 9	10	11 →	20 → ^{[a], [b], [c], [d]}
		1
Native isol.: 열 (yeol) Native attr.: 열 (yeol) Sino: 십 (sip) Ordinal: 열체 (yeolche) Number of days: 열흘 (yeolheul)

Etymology

From Middle Korean 엻〮 (yélh), from earlier Old Korean 十尸 (*YEl).

Pronunciation

(Morphophonemic) IPA^(key): ⫽jəl⫽
(Jeju City) IPA^(key): [jəɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [열]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	yeol
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	yeol
Yale Romanization^?	yel

Numeral

열 (yeol)

(native numeral) ten
Synonym: (Sino-Korean) 십 (sip)

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 엻〮 (Yale: yélh), from earlier Old Korean 十尸 (*YEl).

**Korean numbers ^(edit)**
← 1	← 9	10	11 →	20 →
		1
Native isol.: 열 (yeol) Native attr.: 열 (yeol) Sino-Korean: 십 (sip) Hanja: 十 Ordinal: 열째 (yeoljjae)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [열]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	yeol
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	yeol
McCune–Reischauer^?	yŏl
Yale Romanization^?	yel

South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 열의 / 열에 / 열까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable.

Numeral

열 • (yeol)

(native numeral) ten
Synonym: 십(十) (sip, “ten”, Sino-Korean numeral)

Usage notes

In modern Korean, numbers are usually written in Arabic numerals.

The Korean language has two sets of numerals: a native set of numerals inherited from Old Korean, and a Sino-Korean set which was borrowed from Middle Chinese in the first millennium C.E.

Native classifiers take native numerals.

개 한 마리 (gae han mari, “one dog”, native numeral)
나무 두 그루 (namu du geuru, “two trees”, native numeral)

Some Sino-Korean classifiers take native numerals, others take Sino-Korean numerals, while yet others take both.

종이 두 장(張) (jong'i du jang, “two sheets of paper”, native numeral)
이 분(分) (i bun, “two minutes”, Sino-Korean numeral)
서른/삼십 명(名) (seoreun/samsip myeong, “thirty people”, both sets possible)

Recently loaned classifiers generally take Sino-Korean numerals.

일 킬로미터 (il killomiteo, “one kilometer”, Sino-Korean numeral)

For many terms, a native numeral has a quantifying sense, whereas a Sino-Korean numeral has a sense of labeling.

세 반(班) (se ban, “three school classes”, native numeral)
삼 반(班) (sam ban, “Class Number Three”, Sino-Korean numeral)

When used in isolation, native numerals refer to objects of that number and are used in counting and quantifying, whereas Sino-Korean numerals refer to the numbers in a more mathematical sense.

하나만 더 주세 요 (hana-man deo juse-yo, “Could you give me just one more, please”, native numeral)
일 더하기 일은? (il deohagi ir-eun?, “What's one plus one?”, Sino-Korean numeral)

While older stages of Korean had native numerals up to the thousands, native numerals currently exist only up to ninety-nine, and Sino-Korean is used for all higher numbers. There is also a tendency—particularly among younger speakers—to uniformly use Sino-Korean numerals for the higher tens as well, so that native numerals such as 일흔 (ilheun, “seventy”) or 아흔 (aheun, “ninety”) are becoming less common.

Etymology 2

Sino-Korean word from 熱, from the Middle Korean reading ᅀᅧᆯ〮 (Yale: zyél).

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [열]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	yeol
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	yeol
McCune–Reischauer^?	yŏl
Yale Romanization^?	yel

Noun

열 • (yeol) (hanja 熱)

fever
heat
- 1926, Han Yong-un, 한용운(韓龍雲), “生(생)의 藝(예)術(술) (Saeng-ui yesul) [The Art of the Life]”, in 님의 沈(침)默(묵) (Nimui chimmuk) [The Beloved's Silence]:
  저리고 쓰린 슯음 은 힘 이 되고 熱(열)이 되야서 어린 羊(양)과 가튼 적은 목숨 을 사러 움지기게 함니다.
  Jeorigo sseurin seulbeumeun himi doego yeori doeyaseo eorin yanggwa gateun jeogeun moksumeul sareo umjigige hamnida.
  The bitter sadness has become a force and a heat that makes a little life like a lamb move alive.
passion

Derived terms

See the hanja entry at 熱 for Sino-Korean compounds of 열 (熱, yeol).

Etymology 3

Sino-Korean word from 列, from the Middle Korean reading 렬〮 (Yale: lyél).

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [열]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	yeol
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	yeol
McCune–Reischauer^?	yŏl
Yale Romanization^?	yel

Noun

South Korean Standard Language	열(列) (yeol)
North Korean Standard Language	렬(列) (ryeol)

열 • (yeol) (hanja 列)

line, row
(military) file; column of troops, one behind the other
Coordinate term: 오(伍) (o, “rank”)

Derived terms

See the hanja entry at 列 for Sino-Korean compounds of 열 (列, yeol).

Derived terms with native elements:

오(伍)와 열(列) (o-wa yeol)

Etymology 4

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 엻 (Yale: yélh).

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [열]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	yeol
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	yeol
McCune–Reischauer^?	yŏl
Yale Romanization^?	yel

Noun

열 • (yeol)

(Gyeongsang) hemp
A general term for the string or cord attached to the end of a whip or other implement
(North Korea) The iron tip of a spear

Etymology 5

Verb

열 • (yeol)

future determiner of 열다 (yeolda, “to open”)