研究
Chinese
grind fine; study; research | after all; to investigate; to study carefully | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (研究) | 研 | 究 | |
simp. #(研究) | 研 | 究 |
Pronunciation
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Verb
研究
- to research; to study
- to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate
Synonyms
- (to research):
- (to deliberate):
- 交涉 (jiāoshè)
- 傾/倾 (king1) (Cantonese, informal)
- 協商/协商 (xiéshāng)
- 協議/协议 (xiéyì)
- 口語/口语 (kǒuyǔ) (archaic)
- 商榷 (shāngquè) (chiefly in an academic context)
- 商討/商讨 (shāngtǎo)
- 商談/商谈 (shāngtán)
- 商議/商议 (shāngyì)
- 商量 (shāngliang)
- 接接 (Hokkien)
- 接洽 (jiēqià) (formal)
- 會談/会谈 (huìtán)
- 槌摃鐵/槌𫼱铁 (Hokkien)
- 比接 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 洽商 (qiàshāng)
- 洽談/洽谈 (qiàtán)
- 申論/申论 (shēnlùn)
- 磋商 (cuōshāng) (formal)
- 磋議/磋议 (cuōyì)
- 磨合 (móhé) (figurative)
- 觸牙/触牙 (Hokkien)
- 言說/言说 (yánshuō) (formal)
- 言論/言论 (yánlùn)
- 言辭/言辞 (yáncí) (literary)
- 計謀/计谋 (jìmóu) (literary)
- 計議/计议 (jìyì) (literary)
- 計較/计较
- 討論/讨论 (tǎolùn)
- 評/评 (píng) (literary, or in compounds)
- 評論/评论 (pínglùn)
- 說/说
- 說合/说合 (shuōhé)
- 談判/谈判 (tánpàn)
- 談論/谈论 (tánlùn)
- 謀慮/谋虑 (móulǜ) (literary)
- 議/议 (yì)
- 議論/议论 (yìlùn)
- 錦議/锦议 (Hokkien)
- 闡論/阐论 (chǎnlùn) (literary)
Noun
(deprecated template usage) 研究
- (countable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項/项 m)
- 可行性研究 ― kěxíngxìng yánjiū ― feasibility study
- (uncountable) research; study; investigation; deliberation; discussion
Derived terms
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Descendants
See also
Japanese
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
研 | 究 |
けん Grade: 3 |
きゅう Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
硏究 (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuH?). Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Hakka ngiên-kiu, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Min Nan gián-kiù.
The original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a piece of research, a study, investigation
- 1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感:
- 間違える事なしには研究は進められない。
- Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.
- Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.
- 間違える事なしには研究は進められない。
- 1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感:
Derived terms
Verb
研究する • (kenkyū suru) suru (stem 研究し (kenkyū shi), past 研究した (kenkyū shita))
- to research, to study
- 1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術:
- これらの作品が研究された。
- Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.
- These works have been studied.
- これらの作品が研究された。
- 1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術:
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 研究し | けんきゅうし | kenkyū shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 研究し | けんきゅうし | kenkyū shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 研究する | けんきゅうする | kenkyū suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 研究する | けんきゅうする | kenkyū suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 研究すれ | けんきゅうすれ | kenkyū sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 研究せよ¹ 研究しろ² |
けんきゅうせよ¹ けんきゅうしろ² |
kenkyū seyo¹ kenkyū shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 研究される | けんきゅうされる | kenkyū sareru | |
Causative | 研究させる 研究さす |
けんきゅうさせる けんきゅうさす |
kenkyū saseru kenkyū sasu | |
Potential | 研究できる | けんきゅうできる | kenkyū dekiru | |
Volitional | 研究しよう | けんきゅうしよう | kenkyū shiyō | |
Negative | 研究しない | けんきゅうしない | kenkyū shinai | |
Negative continuative | 研究せず | けんきゅうせず | kenkyū sezu | |
Formal | 研究します | けんきゅうします | kenkyū shimasu | |
Perfective | 研究した | けんきゅうした | kenkyū shita | |
Conjunctive | 研究して | けんきゅうして | kenkyū shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 研究すれば | けんきゅうすれば | kenkyū sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
References
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
Korean
Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
研 | 究 |
Noun
Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
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研 | 究 |
Verb
研究
- chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu (“to research”).
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