磨

See also: 磿

Translingual

Han character

磨 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈金一口 (ICMR) or 戈木一口 (IDMR), four-corner 0026₁, composition ⿸麻石)

Derived characters

• 嚰, 𫾚, 𣟖, 礳, 𥽨, 耱, 𨇢, 𭍁, 饝, 𨟖, 蘑

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 835, character 39
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24449
• Dae Jaweon: page 1253, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2453, character 13
• Unihan data for U+78E8

---

Chinese

trad.		磨
simp. #		磨

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (麻) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
麻	*mraːl
痲	*mraːl
犘	*mraːl
縻	*mral
醿	*mral
爢	*mral
蘼	*mral, *mralʔ, *mrɯl
靡	*mralʔ
摩	*maːl, *maːls
魔	*maːl
磨	*maːl, *maːls
劘	*maːl
麽	*maːl
麼	*maːlʔ
塺	*maːls, *mɯːl
麾	*hmral

Originally written as 䃺 (mó). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːl, *maːls) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + abbreviated phonetic 靡 (OC *mralʔ).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): mó (mo²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˊ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мә (mə, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mo⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nò
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bôa / mô͘

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mó
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mó
    • Wade–Giles: mo²
    • Yale: mwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mo
    • Palladius: мо (mo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ³⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мә (mə, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mə²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: mo⁴
    • Yale: mòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nò
    • Hakka Romanization System: noˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: no²
    • Sinological IPA: /no¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bôa / mô͘
    • Tâi-lô: buâ / môo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boaa, moo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bua²⁴/, /mɔ̃²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bua²⁴/, /mɔ̃²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bua¹³/, /mɔ̃¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bua²⁴/, /mɔ̃²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bua²³/, /mɔ̃²³/

Note:

• bôa - vernacular;
• mô͘ - literary.

---

• Middle Chinese: ma

Rime
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫婆切
Baxter	ma
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/muɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwa/
Li Rong	/muɑ/
Wang Li	/muɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mo4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mó
Middle Chinese	‹ ma ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁaj/
English	rub, grind
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
No.	8706
Phonetic component	麻
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	摩
Old Chinese	/*maːl/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 磨

1. to grind; to sharpen
2. to rub; to chafe
3. to wear away; to obliterate
4. to wear out; to wear down; to erode
5. to dawdle; to waste (time)
6. to pester; to plague (someone)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mo⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mo
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bō / mō͘

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mò
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mò
    • Wade–Giles: mo⁴
    • Yale: mwò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
    • Palladius: мо (mo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: mo⁶
    • Yale: moh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mo⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: mo⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔː²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mo
    • Hakka Romanization System: mo
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mo⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /mo⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō
    • Tâi-lô: bō
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boi
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bo³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /bo²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bo⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mō͘
    • Tâi-lô: mōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: mo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /mɔ̃⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: maH

Rime
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	摸卧切
Baxter	maH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑH/
Pan Wuyun	/muɑH/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwaH/
Li Rong	/muɑH/
Wang Li	/muɑH/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mo6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò
Middle Chinese	‹ maH ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁaj-s/
English	grinding stone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
No.	8710
Phonetic component	麻
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*maːls/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 磨

1. to grind; to mill
2. to turn around
3. grinder; mill

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

---

Japanese

Kanji

磨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. to polish
2. to grind
3. to brush (teeth)

Readings

• Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ば (ba)
• Kun: みがく (migaku, 磨く, Jōyō); とぐ (togu, 磨ぐ)
• Nanori: おさむ (osamu); きよ (kiyo)

Compounds

• 研磨(けんま) (kenma)
• 磨滅(まめつ) (mametsu)

---

Korean

Hanja

磨 • (ma) (hangeul 마)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 磨 (ma, mài)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.