訛

See also: 譌 and 讹

Translingual

Han character

訛 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人心 (YROP), four-corner 0461₀, composition ⿰言化)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1149, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35256
• Dae Jaweon: page 1616, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3947, character 8
• Unihan data for U+8A1B

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Chinese

trad.		訛
simp.		讹

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 訛
Warring States	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	*lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːl) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): é (e²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngo⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ngô͘ / gô

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ho³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: é
    • Zhuyin: ㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: é
    • Wade–Giles: o²
    • Yale: é
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: er
    • Palladius: э (e)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngo⁴
    • Yale: ngòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔː²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngô͘
    • Tâi-lô: ngôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ngoo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋɔ̃²³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei): /ŋɔ̃²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gô
    • Tâi-lô: gô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gooi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡo¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡo²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ho³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hò
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: ngwa

Rime
Character	訛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	五禾切
Baxter	ngwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwa/
Li Rong	/ŋuɑ/
Wang Li	/ŋuɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngo4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-qʷʰˤaj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	訛
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	é
Middle Chinese	‹ ngwa ›
Old Chinese	/*m-qʷʰˁaj/
English	move; change
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	訛
Reading #	1/1
No.	5319
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	訛
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷaːl/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 訛

1. erroneous; mistaken

   alt. forms: 譌／𰵑

2. to extort; to blackmail

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Japanese

Kanji

訛

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga)
• Kan-on: が (ga)
• Kan’yō-on: か (ka)
• Kun: なまる (namaru, 訛る); なまり (namari, 訛); あやまる (ayamaru, 訛る)

Compounds

• 訛音
• 訛伝
• 転訛

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Korean

Hanja

訛 • (wa) (hangeul 와, revised wa, McCune–Reischauer wa, Yale wa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 訛 (ngoa, ngoả)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.