Appendix:Chemical elements/English

Periodic table

group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
period
1	1 H																	2 He
2	3 Li	4 Be											5 B	6 C	7 N	8 O	9 F	10 Ne
3	11 Na	12 Mg											13 Al	14 Si	15 P	16 S	17 Cl	18 Ar
4	19 K	20 Ca	21 Sc	22 Ti	23 V	24 Cr	25 Mn	26 Fe	27 Co	28 Ni	29 Cu	30 Zn	31 Ga	32 Ge	33 As	34 Se	35 Br	36 Kr
5	37 Rb	38 Sr	39 Y	40 Zr	41 Nb	42 Mo	43 Tc	44 Ru	45 Rh	46 Pd	47 Ag	48 Cd	49 In	50 Sn	51 Sb	52 Te	53 I	54 Xe
6	55 Cs	56 Ba	71 Lu	72 Hf	73 Ta	74 W	75 Re	76 Os	77 Ir	78 Pt	79 Au	80 Hg	81 Tl	82 Pb	83 Bi	84 Po	85 At	86 Rn
7	87 Fr	88 Ra	103 Lr	104 Rf	105 Db	106 Sg	107 Bh	108 Hs	109 Mt	110 Ds	111 Rg	112 Cn	113 Nh	114 Fl	115 Mc	116 Lv	117 Ts	118 Og
lanthanides			57 La	58 Ce	59 Pr	60 Nd	61 Pm	62 Sm	63 Eu	64 Gd	65 Tb	66 Dy	67 Ho	68 Er	69 Tm	70 Yb
actinides			89 Ac	90 Th	91 Pa	92 U	93 Np	94 Pu	95 Am	96 Cm	97 Bk	98 Cf	99 Es	100 Fm	101 Md	102 No

Groups of elements
alkali metals	alkaline earths	lanthanides	actinides	transition metals
other metals	metalloids	other nonmetals	halogens	noble gases

For more information, see Periodic table. Note that classification is not always agreed between sources (e.g. the set of metalloids) and classes can overlap (e.g. astatine is likely both a metal and a halogen). The elements La–Yb and Ac–No belong between groups 2 and 3, but are usually put below for reasons of space (not making the table too wide). Both positionings are nonetheless acceptable and used. The group numbers and placements shown are in accordance with reports of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry from 1988 and 2021.

Older periodic tables may show different formats, e.g. Mendeleev's system with only 8 groups. Many other formats have also been suggested, though with few exceptions (e.g. Janet's left-step table, Bayley's pyramid, or Benfey's spiral), they have not gotten much takeup, and none of them threaten the primacy of the standard form. Even within the modern form, today the f-block is sometimes still moved one element to the right, so that group 3 becomes Sc-Y-La-Ac and the f-block contains Ce–Lu and Th–Lr. (This form comes from initial false expectations and measurements of the electron configurations of the elements and was already considered to be incorrect in 1948 by Soviet physicists Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz.)

Discussion still continues about the placements of hydrogen and helium (the first row): electronically (and somewhat chemically), hydrogen belongs in group 1 (though some authors prefer to put it in group 17 or place it floating outside all groups), but the criteria are in clear conflict for helium and there is significant discussion in modern chemical literature on whether it should be moved to group 2 (taking electronics as primary) or remain in group 18 (taking chemistry as primary).

Ordered list

Z Symbol Name 1 H hydrogen 2 He helium 3 Li lithium 4 Be beryllium 5 B boron 6 C carbon 7 N nitrogen 8 O oxygen 9 F fluorine 10 Ne neon 11 Na sodium 12 Mg magnesium 13 Al aluminium 14 Si silicon 15 P phosphorus 16 S sulfur 17 Cl chlorine 18 Ar argon 19 K potassium 20 Ca calcium 21 Sc scandium 22 Ti titanium 23 V vanadium 24 Cr chromium 25 Mn manganese 26 Fe iron 27 Co cobalt 28 Ni nickel 29 Cu copper 30 Zn zinc 31 Ga gallium 32 Ge germanium 33 As arsenic 34 Se selenium 35 Br bromine 36 Kr krypton 37 Rb rubidium 38 Sr strontium 39 Y yttrium 40 Zr zirconium 41 Nb niobium 42 Mo molybdenum 43 Tc technetium 44 Ru ruthenium 45 Rh rhodium 46 Pd palladium 47 Ag silver 48 Cd cadmium 49 In indium 50 Sn tin 51 Sb antimony 52 Te tellurium 53 I iodine 54 Xe xenon 55 Cs caesium 56 Ba barium 57 La lanthanum 58 Ce cerium 59 Pr praseodymium 60 Nd neodymium

Z Symbol Name 61 Pm promethium 62 Sm samarium 63 Eu europium 64 Gd gadolinium 65 Tb terbium 66 Dy dysprosium 67 Ho holmium 68 Er erbium 69 Tm thulium 70 Yb ytterbium 71 Lu lutetium 72 Hf hafnium 73 Ta tantalum 74 W tungsten 75 Re rhenium 76 Os osmium 77 Ir iridium 78 Pt platinum 79 Au gold 80 Hg mercury 81 Tl thallium 82 Pb lead 83 Bi bismuth 84 Po polonium 85 At astatine 86 Rn radon 87 Fr francium 88 Ra radium 89 Ac actinium 90 Th thorium 91 Pa protactinium 92 U uranium 93 Np neptunium 94 Pu plutonium 95 Am americium 96 Cm curium 97 Bk berkelium 98 Cf californium 99 Es einsteinium 100 Fm fermium 101 Md mendelevium 102 No nobelium 103 Lr lawrencium 104 Rf rutherfordium 105 Db dubnium 106 Sg seaborgium 107 Bh bohrium 108 Hs hassium 109 Mt meitnerium 110 Ds darmstadtium 111 Rg roentgenium 112 Cn copernicium 113 Nh nihonium 114 Fl flerovium 115 Mc moscovium 116 Lv livermorium 117 Ts tennessine 118 Og oganesson 119 Uue* ununennium 120 Ubn* unbinilium

*Element has not yet been discovered

Elements beyond 118 have not yet been discovered: such elements are called by a temporary IUPAC systematic element name, concatenating Greek and Latin roots before the usual suffix "-ium". (This suffix overrides the traditional chemical suffixes, so "-ium" is used even if the element would be a halogen or noble gas.)

Digit	Root	Etymology	Symbol Letter	Example
0	nil	Latin nihil ("nothing")	n	unbinilium
1	un	Latin unus ("one")	u	unbiunium
2	bi	Latin bis ("twice")	b	unbibium
3	tri	Latin tres ("three") Greek tria ("three")	t	unbitrium
4	quad	Latin quattuor ("four")	q	unbiquadium
5	pent	Greek pente ("five")	p	unbipentium
6	hex	Greek hex ("six")	h	unbihexium
7	sept	Latin septem ("seven")	s	unbiseptium
8	oct	Latin octo ("eight") Greek okto ("eight")	o	unbioctium
9	en(n)	Greek ennea ("nine")	e	unbiennium
Suffix	-(i)um	Latin -um (neuter singular)	none
If bi or tri is followed by the ending -ium (i.e. the last digit is 2 or 3), the result is -bium or -trium, not -biium or -triium. Example 1: element 122: unbibium (Ubb) Example 2: element 123: unbitrium (Ubt) If enn is followed by nil (i.e. the sequence -90- occurs), the result is -ennil-, not -ennnil-. Example 3: element 190: unennilium (Uen)

After an element is discovered, it keeps the systematic name until its discovery meets the criteria of and is accepted by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party, upon which the discoverers are invited to propose a permanent name and symbol. Once this is announced, a comment period then follows until the permanent name and symbol become official and displace the systematic ones.

Prefix forms

Many, but not all, elements of the periodic table have an associated prefix form.

Prefix forms for the elements.

Prefix	All forms	Definition	Category	Alt-Sort	Example
alumino-	aluminio-, alumino-	Aluminum.	Elements	13	aluminography, aluminosilicate
argento-	argento-	Silver.	Elements	47	argentic, argentiferous
argo-	argo-	Argon.	Elements	18	argonium, argoxonium
argyr-	argyr-, argyro-	Silver.	Elements	47	argyrose, argyric
arseno-	arseno-	Arsenic.	Elements	33	arsenous, arsonium
astat-	astat-	Astatine.	Elements	85	astatane, astatide
auri-	aur-, auri-, auro-	Gold.	Elements	79	aurous, aurochloride
azo-	az-, azo-, azoto-	(chemistry) Nitrogen.	Elements	7	azobenzene, azophilic
baryto-2	baryto-2	Relating to barium.	Elements	56	barytocalcite
beryl-	beryl-	Beryllium.	Elements	4	beryllide, beryllocene
bismuto-	bismuto-	(mineralology) Used to name minerals in which an element of another mineral is replaced by bismuth.	Elements	83
boro-	boro-	Boron.	Elements	5
bromo-	brom-, bromo-	(chemistry) Bromine.	Elements	35
cadmi-	cadmi-	Cadmium.	Elements	48	cadmic, cadmiferous
calci-	calc-, calci-, calcio-, calco-	Calcium.	Elements	20
carbo-	carb-, carbo-	(chemistry) Carbon.	Elements	6
cer-	cer-	Cerium.	Elements	58	cerate, cerous
chalco-	chalco-	Copper, brass. ore.	Elements	29
chloro-2	chlor-2, chloro-2	(chemistry) Chlorine.	Elements	17
chromo-2	chromo-2	Chromium.	Elements	24
cobalti-	cobalti-	(chemistry) Cobaltic.	Elements	27
cobalto-	cobalto-	(chemistry) Cobaltous.	Elements	27
cupro-	cupr-, cupro-	Copper.	Elements	29
europ-	europ-	Europium.	Elements	63	europian, europoan
ferro-	ferr-, ferri-, ferro-, ferroso-	Iron (element). (chemistry) ferrous.	Elements	26
fluoro-	fluo-, fluor-, fluori-, fluoro-	Fluorine. Fluorescence.	Elements	9
fos-	fos-	Phosphorous.	Elements	15
gall-	gall-	Gallium.	Elements	31	gallane, gallylene
germano-	germano-	Germanium.	Elements	32	germanol, germylene
hafn-	hafn-	Hafnium.	Elements	72	hafnian, hafnocene dichloride
heli-2	heli-2	Helium.	Elements	2	disodium helide
hydro-2	hydr-2, hydro-2	(chemistry) Hydrogen.	Elements	1
indi-	indi-	Indium.	Elements	49	indic, indite
io-	io-, iod-, iodo-	Iodine.	Elements	53
iridio-	iridio-	(chemistry) Iridium.	Elements	77
krypto-	krypto-	Krypton.	Elements	36	kryptonate
lithio-	lithio-	Lithium.	Elements	3
magnesio-	magnesio-	Magnesium.	Elements	12
mangan-	mangan-, mangano-1	Manganese.	Elements	25
mercurico-1	mercurico-1	Mercury.	Elements	80
molyb-	molyb-	Molybdenum.	Elements	42	molybdenite, molybdian
natro-	natr-, natro-	Sodium.	Elements	11
niob-	niob-	Niobium, Columbium.	Elements	41	niobic, niobous
nitro-	nitr-, nitro-	Nitrogen.	Elements	7
osmio-	osmio-	Osmium.	Elements	76
oxo-1	ox-1, oxi-, oxo-1, oxy-3	Oxygen.	Elements	8
pallado-	palladio-, pallado-	Palladium.	Elements	46
phospho-	phosph-, phospho-, phosphoro-	Phosphorous.	Elements	15
platini-	platini-, platino-	Platinic, Platinum.	Elements	78
platinoso-	platinoso-	Platinous.	Elements	78
plumbo-	plumb-, plumbo-	Lead.	Elements	82
pluto-2	pluto-2	Plutonium.	Elements	94
pol-	pol-	Polonium.	Elements	84	polane, polonide
potassio-	potassio-	Potassium.	Elements	19
rhodo-2	rhodo-2	Rhodium.	Elements	45	rhodate, rhodocene
rubid-	rubid-	Rubidium.	Elements	37	rubidic, rubidide
ruthenio-	ruthenio-, rutheno-	Ruthenium.	Elements	44
scandio-	scandio-, scando-	Scandium.	Elements	21	scandiobabingtonite, scandocene
selenio-	selenio-, seleno-2	Selenium.	Elements	34
sidero-3	sidero-3	Iron.	Elements	26
silico-	silico-	Silicon.	Elements	14
sodio-	sodio-	Sodium.	Elements	11
stanno-	stann-, stanno-	Tin.	Elements	50
stibo-	stib-, stibio-, stibo-	Antimony.	Elements	51
stronti-	stronti-	Strontium.	Elements	38	strontianite, strontiofluorite
sulfo-1	sulf-1, sulfo-1, sulph-1, sulpho-1	Sulfur.	Elements	16
tanta-	tanta-	Tantalum.	Elements	73	tantalate, tantalous
technet-	technet-	Technetium.	Elements	43	technetic, pertechnetate
tellur-	tellur-, telluri-, telluro-2	Tellurium.	Elements	52
terb-	terb-	Terbium.	Elements	65	terbia, terbic
thall-	thall-	Thallium.	Elements	81	thallane, thallous
thio-	thi-, thio-	Sulfur. Containing sulfur.	Elements	16
thori-	thori-	Thorium.	Elements	90	thorian, thoric
titano-1	titano-1	Titanium.	Elements	22	titanomagnetite, titanosilicate
tungsto-	tungsto-	Tungsten.	Elements	74
uran-	uran-	Uranite.	Elements	92	uranite, uranitic
uranoso-	uranoso-	Uranous.	Elements	92
vanad-	vanad-	Vanadium.	Elements	23	vanadocene, vanadyl
xen-2	xen-2	Xenon.	Elements	54	xenic acid, xenonium
yttro-	yttro-	Yttrium.	Elements	39
zinco-	zinco-	Zinc.	Elements	30
zirco-	zirco-	Zirconium.	Elements	40

See also

• periodic table
• Appendix:English prefixes

Notes

1. "The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) will officially endorse the new element's name [Copernicium] in six months' time in order to give the scientific community "time to discuss the suggestion"." (BBC)

References

• New element named 'copernicium' from the BBC