User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Proto-Berber/Very good reconstructions

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Here I put the reconstructions of Van Putten's 2019 paper which I judge very good. Theoretically, these are ready to become actual PB entries on wiki.

Useful

Appendix:Berber Swadesh lists

Language codes correspondences

Van Putten : Wiktionary

• sus. : shi
• cab. : kab
• che., chen. : cnu
• nef. : jbn
• ber., tam. : tzm
• auy., awy. : auj
• fig. : Ø
• gad. : gha
• siw. : siz
• cha. : shy
• rif. : rif
• mez. : mzb
• gua., guar. : Ø
• cen. (what?) : Ø
• zen. : zen
• izn. : Ø
• tu. : tmh
• tu. ah., tu. aha., aha. : thv
• tu. tan., tu. ad. : taq
• tu. ul. : ttq
• tu. ay. : thz
• sen. : sjs
• zua. : ber-zuw
• Timimún : Ø
• Ghomara : gho
• Ghat (as Gat) : tmh-ght
• seg. : Ø
• foc. : ber-fog
• (Mzab-Wargla: Figuig, Mzab, Wargla)

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight:
    • Moroccan Amazigh:
    • Tashelhit:
  • Northwest Moroccan:
    • Ghomara:
    • Senhaja De Srair:
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
    • Figuig
    • Ayt Seghrouchen
    • Ayt ~Warain
    • Ayt Iznasen
  • Algerian:
    • Tachawit:
    • Northwestern:
      • Chenoua:
      • Beni Snus
      • Beni Menacer
      • Metmata
    • Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
    • Guraga (Timinun)
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Jerba
    • Tunisian Berber: (Duiret, Tamezret, Sened, Guelala), Guazin (Libya)
    • Zuwara:
    • Jefren
    • Libyan:
      • Sokna:
      • Fogaha:
    • Siwi:
• Tuareg:
  • Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
  • Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
  • Tamajaq:
    • Tawellemmet:
    • Tayert:
    • Tudalt
  • Ghat: (and Janet?)
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames:
  • Nefusa:
• Awjila:
• Eastern:
  • Tetserret:
  • Zenaga:
• Para-Berber:
  • Guanche:
  • Numidian:

Ashes

Noun

*eɣəd m

1. ashes, ash

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴷ (iɣd)
    • Tashelhit: iɣd, iɣəd
  • Northwest Moroccan:
    • Ghomara: aɣəd
  • Kabyle: iɣed
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: iɣed
    • Figuig: iɣəd
• Tuareg: eẓəd
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: ešəd

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 254, 265

Beard

Noun

*ta-ʔmar-t or *ta-ʔ(V̆)mar-t f (plural *ti-ʔ(V̆)mir-ă/aʔ)

1. beard

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ (tamart)
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: tamart
    • Figuig: t-mar-t pl. ti-mir-a
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Zuwara: tə́mart
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: tomărt
  • Nefusa: tumərt
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: taʔmmärt (/⁠taʔmmart⁠/), pl. tuʔṁṁuṛa(ʔ) (“chin”)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 297

Amazigh

Etymology

Possibly connected to a root *z-ɣ.

Noun

*a-maziɣ m (plural *i-maziɣ-ăn, feminine *ta-maziɣ-t, feminine plural *ti-maziɣ-en)

1. Berber, Amazigh
2. free man, free woman

Note

This word is considered as Pan-Berber, i.e. almost all Berber languages share this word.

Derived terms

• *ta-maziɣ-t (“name of the language”)

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ (amaziɣ)
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: amaziɣ
• Pan-Berber: amaziɣ

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 227, 292, 301

Bird

Noun

*a-ǵăḍiḍ m

1. bird

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴳⴹⵉⴹ (agḍiḍ), ⴰⵊⴹⵉⴹ (ajḍiḍ)
    • Tashelhit: agḍiḍ
  • Kabyle: agḍiḍ
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ajḍiḍ
    • Figuig: ažḍiḍ
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: ažḍiḍ (Mzab and Ouargla)
• Tuareg: aǵăḍeḍ, a-gəḍiḍ
  • Tamasheq: agăḍeḍ (Taneslemt)
  • Tamajaq:
    • Tawellemmet: agəḍiḍ
    • Tayert: agəḍiḍ
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: aǵaḍid

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 251, 300

Bull

Noun

*a-funas m (feminine *ta-funas-t)

1. bull

Note

Considered Pan-Berber.

Derived terms

• *ta-funas-t (“cow”)

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ (afunas)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ (afunas)
  • Kabyle: afunas
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: afunas
• Pan-Berber: afunas

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 299, 301

To burn

Etymology

From the same root as *eɣəd. From earlier *ăwqəd, from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *waqada (“to burn”), see Arabic وَقَدَ (waqada) and Classical Syriac ܝܩܕܐ.

Verb

*ăqqəd

1. to burn

Derived terms

• *s-uɣəd, with *s-

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 286

Cow

Noun

*ta-funas-t f (masculine *a-funas)

1. cow

Note

Considered Pan-Berber.

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ (tafunast)
    • Tashelhit: ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ (tafunast)
  • Kabyle: tafunast
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: tafunast

Death

Etymology

From the same root as *ămmut.

Noun

*ta-măttan-t f

1. death

Descendants

• Pan-Berber: taməttant

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

To die

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *mawVt- (“to die, to kill”). Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mawut-, Egyptian mwt and Hausa mutù.

Verb

*ămmut

1. to die

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt)
• Tuareg: ămmut, ămmăt
• Awjila: mmut

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 285

Dog

Noun

*a-ydiʔ m (plural *i-yəḍ-an) < *i-yədʔ-an

1. dog

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴷⵉ (igdi), ⴰⵢⴷⵉ (aydi), ⵉⵢⴷⵉ (iydi), ⴰⴳⴷⵉ (agdi)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⵢⴷⵉ (aydi), plural ⵉⴹⴰⵏ (iḍan)
  • Kabyle: aydi
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: aydi
    • Figuig: aydi, plural iyḍan
    • Ayt Iznasen: aydi, plural iyḍan
• Tuareg: eydi, plural iyăḍan
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: iḏi (/⁠idiʔ⁠/), plural uḏ̣an (/⁠udˤan⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 256

Ear

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic, with metathesis. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- and Egyptian sḏm.

Noun

*a-məzzuɣ (plural *i-mŭzǵ-an)

1. ear

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖ (amẓẓuɣ)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖ (amẓẓuɣ), ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵓⵖ (amzzuɣ), plural ⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⵏ (imzgan) (/ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵖ (imẓẓaɣ))
  • Kabyle: ameẓẓuɣ, plural imeẓẓuɣen
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ameẓẓuɣ
    • Figuig: aməẓẓuɣ, plural imeẓɣan
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: aməzzuɣ plural iməzzuɣən (Mzab), taməžžit plural timəžžin (Ouargla)
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Siwi: taməzzuxt, plural timəzzuɣin

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 252-253

Earth

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *ḥaḳl- (“field”).

Noun

*a-ʔḱal m (plural *i-ʔḱall-ăn, construct state *wă-ʔḱal, plural construct state *yə-ʔḱall-ăn)

1. earth, land

Declension

Declension of *a-ʔḱal

	singular	plural
free state	*a-ʔḱal	*i-ʔḱall-ăn
construct state	*wă-ʔḱal	*yə-ʔḱall-ăn

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (akal), ⴰⵛⴰⵍ (acal)
    • Tashelhit:
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
• Tuareg: ăkal
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: ókăl
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: aʔkäy (/⁠aʔkay⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 278

Esparto

Noun

*aβV̆ri m

1. (Stipa tenacissima) esparto (species of North African grass)

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵡⵔⵉ (awri), ⴰⴳⴳⵯⵔⵉ (aggʷri)
    • Tashelhit: aggʷri, awri
  • Kabyle: awri
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ari
    • Ayt Iznasen: ari
  • Algerian:
    • Tachawit: ari

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 272

Flour

Alternative reconstructions

• *a-βărn

Etymology

Unknown. Perhaps related to Arabic بُرّ (burr) or Latin farīna.

Noun

*a-βV̆rn m (construct state *wă-βV̆rn)

1. flour

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵡⵔⵏ (awrn)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ (aggʷrn), ⴰⵡⵡⵔⵏ (awwrn), ⴰⵡⵔⵏ (awrn)
  • Kabyle: awrn
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Figuig: arən
    • Ayt Iznasen: arn
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: arən (Ouargla), aren construct state wirən (Mzab)
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: aβărn
• Para-Berber:
  • Guanche: ahoren

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 272, 300

To give

Verb

*ăβkəʔ (imperfect *əβăḱḱăʔ) or əβăkkăʔ

1. to give

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴽⴼ (kf), ⴼⴽ (fk), ⵛⴼ (cf), ⴼⵛ (fc), imperfect ⴰⴽⴽⴰ (akka) (with metathesis)
    • Tashelhit: ⴼⴽ (fk), imperfect ⴰⴽⴽⴰ (akka)
  • Kabyle: əfk, imperfect ttak (< *ak)
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Figuig: wəš, imperfect ttič (< *ič)
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: uš, imperfect ttiš (Ouargla), [Term?], imperfect ttiš (Mzab)
• Tuareg: ăkf, imperfect hăkk (with metathesis)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 270, 272

Hand

Alternative reconstruction

• *a-f(V̆)ʔus, plural *i-f(V̆)ʔass-ăn

Noun

*a-fuʔs m (plural *i-fʔass-ăn)

1. hand

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵓⵙ (afus)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⴼⵓⵙ (afus), plural ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ (i-ḟass-n)
  • Kabyle: afus
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: fus
    • Figuig: fus
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Zuwara: ə́-fus, fús-is (“his hand”)
• Tuareg: ăfus
• Ghadames and Nefusa: *a-ʔfus (with metathesis)
  • Ghadames: ó-fəss, plural făss-ăn
  • Nefusa: ufəs
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: ävuʔš (/⁠avəʔš⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 259, 277, 294

Head

Noun

*aɣăf m (plural *aɣăf-iw-ăn)

1. head

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴼ (iɣf), ⵉⵅⴼ (ixf)
  • Kabyle: iɣef, plural axfiwən
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ixf
• Tuareg: eɣăf, plural iɣăfawăn
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: iʔf, plural aʔffūn

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 296

Heart

Alternative reconstructions

• *uləβ
• *ul(ə)β, plural *ul(ə)β-aw-ăn

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *lib-, with metathesis. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *libb- and Egyptian jb.

Noun

*ulβ m (plural *ulβ-aw-ăn, construct state *w-ulβ, plural construct state *w-ulβ-aw-ăn)

1. heart

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵓⵍ (ul)
    • Tashelhit: ⵓⵍ (ul), plural ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ (ulawn)
  • Kabyle: ul
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ur
• Tuareg: ul, ulh, plural ulhawăn

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273, 291, 296

Horn

Etymology

Perhaps related to *esḱăr (“nail”).

Noun

*isəḱ m

1. horn

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽ (isk), ⵉⵛⵛ (icc)
    • Tashelhit: ⵉⵙⴽ (isk)
  • Kabyle: išš
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: išš
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: aššaw (Mzab)
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Siwi: ččawən (plural)
• Tuareg: isək
• Awjila: išk

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 248

King

Noun

*a-ǵăllid

1. king

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ (agllid)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ (agllid)
  • Kabyle: agellid
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ajellid
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: ažəllid (Mzab and Ouargla)
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: ašăllid
• Awjila: agəllid
• Para-Berber:
  • Numidian: [script needed] (gld)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 251, 293

Knee

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Egyptian pꜣḏ.

Noun

*a-ʔfud m (plural *i-ʔfadd-ăn)

1. knee

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵓⴷ (afud)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⴼⵓⴷ (afud)
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: ó-fəd, plural fădd-ăn
  • Nefusa: ufə́d
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: oʔḟ(ḟ)uḏ, äʔḟ(ḟ)uḏ (/⁠äʔḟəd⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 294

To learn

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Punic ‎*𐤋‎𐤌‎𐤃‎‎‎ (‎*l‎m‎d‎‎‎), though the Punic word is not directly attested. Compare Hebrew למד.

Verb

*lmd (aorist *ắlməd, perfect *əlmắd, imperfect *əlắmmăd)

1. to learn

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵍⵎⴷ (lmd)
    • Tashelhit:
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Zuwara: ə́lməd (aorist), perfect əlmə́d, imperfect ələ́mməd
• Tuareg: lmd, aorist əlməd (negation: wăr ilmed), perfect əlmăd, imperfect əlămmăd
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: ắlməd (aorist), perfect əlmắd, imperfect əlắmmăd ; əlmed (he learnt, perf.), ak ilmed (he did not learn, perf.)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 274

Lion

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic, with metathesis. CompareProto-Semitic *ʔarway- and Egyptian rw.

Reconstruction notes

Mention Herodotus & "βόρυες" (Histories, IV, 192) here.

https://el.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%B9_(%CE%97%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85)/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7#192.2

Noun

*a-βăʔr m

1. lion

Descendants

• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: aβor
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: waʔr

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 280

Man

Etymology

Unrelated to Arabic رَجُل (rajul).

Noun

*a-răgaz m

1. man (adult male human)
2. husband

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ (argaz), ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵣ (aryaz)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ (argaz)
  • Kabyle: argaz
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: aryaz
• Awjila: arəgáz
• Pan-Berber: argaz

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

Milk

Noun

*aɣəβ m

1. milk

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵖⵓ (aɣu), ⴰⵖⵖⵓ (aɣɣu)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⵖⵓ (aɣu), ⴰⵖⵖⵓ (aɣɣu)
  • Kabyle: aɣi (perhaps a Zenati borrowing)
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: aɣi
    • Figuig: aɣi
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Zuwara: aɣi

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 271

Moon

Noun

*a-ʔyur m

1. moon
2. (by extension) month

Notes

The semantic extension from "moon" to "month" is comparable to those of Proto-Semitic *warḫ-, Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s and Proto-Japonic *tukuy, since the moon's orbital period was used for defining a month.

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵓⵔ (ayur, “moon, month”), ⵢⵓⵔ (yur), ⴰⴳⵯⵓⵔ (agʷur)
    • Tashelhit:
  • Kabyle: ayyur, aggur
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ayur, yur (“moon, month”)
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: óyăr
  • Nefusa: uyər (new moon)
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: äʔž(ž)ər (/⁠aʔžər⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277

Nail

Alternative reconstructions

• *a-skăr

Etymology

From earlier *a-sḱăr, the initial *a- being kept in the plural. Perhaps related to *isəḱ (“horn”).

Noun

*esḱăr m (plural *asḱar-ăn)

1. nail

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⵔ (iskr), ⵉⵛⵛⵔ (iccr), ⴰⵛⵛⵔ (accr)
    • Tashelhit: ⵉⵙⴽⵔ (iskr)
  • Kabyle: iššər, plural aššarən
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: iššar
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Siwi: aččer
• Tuareg: eskăr, plural askarăn
• Awjila: iškər

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 248, 268, 294

Night

Noun

*eβăḍ m

1. night

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⴹ (iḍ)
    • Tashelhit: iḍ
  • Kabyle: iḍ
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
    • Figuig: iḍ
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: iḍ (Mzab and Ouargla)
• Tuareg: ehăḍ
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: eβăḍ
• Awjila: ivəṭ
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: īḍ

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 269

Shoulder

Noun

*a-ɣirβ m

1. shoulder

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵉⵔ (iɣir), ⴰⵖⵉⵍ (aɣil)
    • Tashelhit: ⵉⵖⵉⵔ (iɣir)
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ɣir, aɣir, taɣruṭṭ
• Tuareg: ăẓirh
  • Tamahaq: ăẓerh (Ahaggar)
  • Tamajaq:
    • Tawellemmet: ăẓir, əẓir
    • Tayert: əzir
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Nefusa: ɣir

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 254, 273

Smoke

Noun

*a-ʔ(V̆)βu m

1. smoke

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⴳⴳⵓ (aggu)
    • Tashelhit: ⴰⵡⵡ (aww), Tashelhit: ⴰⴳⴳⵓ (aggu)
  • Kabyle: abbu
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
• Tuareg: ăho
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: oβu
• Awjila: avú
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: oʔbih (/⁠aʔbə⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 272, 277

Stone

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Proto-Semitic *ʔabn-.

Noun

*ta-ʔ(V̆)βun-t f

1. stone

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵏⵜ (taggunt), ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵏⵜ (tawunt), ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ (tagunt, “sort of wooden mallet”)
    • Tashelhit: taggunt, tawunt (“large stone”)
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: twunt (“sort of wooden mortar”) (Mzab)
• Tuareg: təhunt
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: oʔβənt (“stone ball to grind grains”)
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: tuʔnt (/⁠təʔnt⁠/, “anvil”)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273, 277

Sun

Noun

*ta-ʔfuḱ-t f

1. sun

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ (tafukt), ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⵜ (tafuct)
    • Tashelhit: ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ (tafukt)
  • Kabyle: tafukt
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: tfušt, tfuyt (Western)
    • Figuig: tfuyt
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: tofət
  • Nefusa: tufút
• Awjila: tafút
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: toʔḟ(ḟ)ukt, toʔḟ(ḟ)ugt, täʔḟ(ḟ)ukt (/⁠taʔfəkt⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277

To take

Verb

*aβəɣ

1. to take

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵖ (aɣ), ⴰⵅ (ax)
    • Tashelhit:
  • Kabyle: aɣ
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
    • Ayt Iznasen: aɣ
• Tuareg: ahăɣ
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: áβăɣ

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 270

Tongue

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *lis-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *lišān-, Egyptian ns, and Proto-Chadic *ls, whence Hausa harshè.

Noun

*iləs m (plural *il(ə)s-aw-ăn, construct state *yiləs, plural construct state *yiləs-aw-ăn)

1. tongue

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵙ (ils), ⵉⵔⵙ (irs)
    • Tashelhit: ⵉⵍⵙ (ils), ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ (ilsawn)
  • Kabyle: iles
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: ires
• Tuareg: iləs, plural ilsawăn
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: eləs, plural ənd-eləs or elsawăn

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 291, 296

Wool

Noun

*ta-ʔḍuβ-t f

1. wool

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵜⵜ (taḍutt)
    • Tashelhit: ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵟⵟ (taḍuṭṭ), ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵟⵟ (taduṭṭ)
  • Northwest Moroccan:
    • Senhaja De Srair: taḍuṭṭ
  • Kabyle: taḍuṭṭ
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit: teḍḍuft, taḍuft
    • Figuig: təḍḍuft
    • Ayt Seghrouchen: təḍḍuft
    • Ayt Iznasen: təḍḍuft
  • Algerian:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: əddəft (Mzab), əḍḍuft (Ouargla)
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Libyan:
      • Fogaha: taḍúft
    • Siwi: təḍuft
• Tuareg: taḍuft
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames: tódəft
  • Nefusa: tudə́ft
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga: taʔḏ̣uḏ̣, taʔḏ̣uḌ (/⁠taʔḍəḍ(t)⁠/)

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 271, 277

Sense

POS

*head

1. [[]]

Descendants

• West Moroccan:
  • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Central Atlas Tamazight:
    • Tashelhit:
  • Kabyle:
• Zenati:
  • Moroccan:
    • Tarifit:
    • Figuig:
    • Ayt Seghrouchen:
    • Ayt Iznasen:
  • Algerian:
    • Northwestern:
      • Chenoua:
    • Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
  • Eastern Zenati:
    • Zuwara:
    • Siwi:
• Tuareg:
  • Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
  • Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
  • Tamajaq:
    • Tawellemmet:
    • Tayert:
    • Tudalt:
  • Ghat: (and Janet?)
• Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Ghadames:
  • Nefusa:
• Awjila:
• Eastern:
  • Zenaga:
• Para-Berber:
  • Guanche:
  • Numidian:

References

• van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN