بر

See also: پز‎, پر‎, بز‎, تز‎, ثر‎, بژ‎, and تر‎

Alviri-Vidari

Noun

بر (bar)

1. door

Arabic

Etymology 1

From the root ب ر ر‎ (b-r-r). Inherited from Proto-Semitic *barr-.

Noun

بَرّ • (barr) m

2. land, dry land (as opposed to sea)

   Coordinate terms: بَحْر‎ (baḥr), جَوّ‎ (jaww)

4. outside, field

   Antonym: جَوّ‎ (jaww)

Declension

Declension of noun بَرّ (barr)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَرّ barr	الْبَرّ‎ al-barr	بَرّ barr
Nominative	بَرٌّ barrun	الْبَرُّ‎ al-barru	بَرُّ barru
Accusative	بَرًّا‎ barran	الْبَرَّ‎ al-barra	بَرَّ barra
Genitive	بَرٍّ barrin	الْبَرِّ‎ al-barri	بَرِّ barri

Derived terms

• بَرِّيّ‎ (barriyy, “of the dry land”)
• بَرَّانِيّ‎ (barrāniyy, “exterior”)

Verb

بَرَّ • (barra) I, non-past يَبَرُّ‎‎ (yabarru)

2. (intransitive) to be righteous, to be pious, to be godly, to be reverent, to be religious
   1. (intransitive) to straighten up, to reform

      Synonyms: صَلَحَ‎ (ṣalaḥa, “to reform”), اِسْتَقَام‎ (istaqām, “to straighten up”)

      Antonym: فَجَرَ‎ (fajara, “to be sinful”)

3. (intransitive) to be kind or generous to [+ بِ‎ (object)]

   Synonym: أَحْسَنَ‎ (ʔaḥsana)

4. (intransitive, transitive) to respect or to be respectful to [+ بِ‎ (object)] (elders, one's parents or grandparents, old kinsmen, a deity, and so on), to honor, to revere; to obey

   Synonym: وَقَّرَ‎ (waqqara, “to revere, to venerate”)

   ‏بَرَّ الصَّبِيُّ وَالِدَيْهِ وَرَبَّهُ‎

   barra ṣ-ṣabiyyu wālidayhi warabbahu

   The boy obeyed his parents and his Lord.

5. (transitive) to deem (an act) true, sincere, or pious; to accept or bless (a religious ritual)

   Synonyms: قَبِلَ‎ (qabila), بَارَك‎ (bārak)

   ‏بَرَّ اللهُ حَجَّهُ وَصَلَاتَهُ‎

   barra llāhu ḥajjahu waṣalātahu

   Allah accepted his pilgrimage and his prayer.

   1. (intransitive, of an act, especially religious rituals, such as pilgrimages) to be true, sincere, or pious

      ‏بَرَّ حَجُّهُ وَصَلَاتُهُ‎

      barra ḥajjuhu waṣalātuhu

      His pilgrimage and prayer were pious.

Conjugation

Conjugation of

بَرَّ

(form-I geminate, verbal noun بِرّ)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						بِرّ birr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						بَارّ‎ bārr
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَبْرُور‎ mabrūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	بَرِرْتُ‎ barirtu	بَرِرْتَ‎ barirta	بَرَّ barra		بَرِرْتُمَا‎ barirtumā	بَرَّا‎ barrā		بَرِرْنَا‎ barirnā	بَرِرْتُمْ‎ barirtum	بَرُّوا‎ barrū
	f		بَرِرْتِ‎ barirti	بَرَّتْ‎ barrat			بَرَّتَا‎ barratā			بَرِرْتُنَّ‎ barirtunna	بَرِرْنَ‎ barirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَبَرُّ‎ ʔabarru	تَبَرُّ‎ tabarru	يَبَرُّ‎ yabarru		تَبَرَّانِ‎ tabarrāni	يَبَرَّانِ‎ yabarrāni		نَبَرُّ‎ nabarru	تَبَرُّونَ‎ tabarrūna	يَبَرُّونَ‎ yabarrūna
	f		تَبَرِّينَ‎ tabarrīna	تَبَرُّ‎ tabarru			تَبَرَّانِ‎ tabarrāni			تَبْرَرْنَ‎ tabrarna	يَبْرَرْنَ‎ yabrarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَبَرَّ‎ ʔabarra	تَبَرَّ‎ tabarra	يَبَرَّ‎ yabarra		تَبَرَّا‎ tabarrā	يَبَرَّا‎ yabarrā		نَبَرَّ‎ nabarra	تَبَرُّوا‎ tabarrū	يَبَرُّوا‎ yabarrū
	f		تَبَرِّي‎ tabarrī	تَبَرَّ‎ tabarra			تَبَرَّا‎ tabarrā			تَبْرَرْنَ‎ tabrarna	يَبْرَرْنَ‎ yabrarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَبَرَّ‎ or أَبَرِّ‎ or أَبْرَرْ‎ ʔabarra or ʔabarri or ʔabrar	تَبَرَّ‎ or تَبَرِّ‎ or تَبْرَرْ‎ tabarra or tabarri or tabrar	يَبَرَّ‎ or يَبَرِّ‎ or يَبْرَرْ‎ yabarra or yabarri or yabrar		تَبَرَّا‎ tabarrā	يَبَرَّا‎ yabarrā		نَبَرَّ‎ or نَبَرِّ‎ or نَبْرَرْ‎ nabarra or nabarri or nabrar	تَبَرُّوا‎ tabarrū	يَبَرُّوا‎ yabarrū
	f		تَبَرِّي‎ tabarrī	تَبَرَّ‎ or تَبَرِّ‎ or تَبْرَرْ‎ tabarra or tabarri or tabrar			تَبَرَّا‎ tabarrā			تَبْرَرْنَ‎ tabrarna	يَبْرَرْنَ‎ yabrarna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		بَرَّ or بَرِّ or اِبْرَرْ‎ barra or barri or ibrar			بَرَّا‎ barrā				بَرُّوا‎ barrū
	f		بَرِّي‎ barrī							اِبْرَرْنَ‎ ibrarna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	بُرِرْتُ‎ burirtu	بُرِرْتَ‎ burirta	بُرَّ burra		بُرِرْتُمَا‎ burirtumā	بُرَّا‎ burrā		بُرِرْنَا‎ burirnā	بُرِرْتُمْ‎ burirtum	بُرُّوا‎ burrū
	f		بُرِرْتِ‎ burirti	بُرَّتْ‎ burrat			بُرَّتَا‎ burratā			بُرِرْتُنَّ‎ burirtunna	بُرِرْنَ‎ burirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُبَرُّ‎ ʔubarru	تُبَرُّ‎ tubarru	يُبَرُّ‎ yubarru		تُبَرَّانِ‎ tubarrāni	يُبَرَّانِ‎ yubarrāni		نُبَرُّ‎ nubarru	تُبَرُّونَ‎ tubarrūna	يُبَرُّونَ‎ yubarrūna
	f		تُبَرِّينَ‎ tubarrīna	تُبَرُّ‎ tubarru			تُبَرَّانِ‎ tubarrāni			تُبْرَرْنَ‎ tubrarna	يُبْرَرْنَ‎ yubrarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُبَرَّ‎ ʔubarra	تُبَرَّ‎ tubarra	يُبَرَّ‎ yubarra		تُبَرَّا‎ tubarrā	يُبَرَّا‎ yubarrā		نُبَرَّ‎ nubarra	تُبَرُّوا‎ tubarrū	يُبَرُّوا‎ yubarrū
	f		تُبَرِّي‎ tubarrī	تُبَرَّ‎ tubarra			تُبَرَّا‎ tubarrā			تُبْرَرْنَ‎ tubrarna	يُبْرَرْنَ‎ yubrarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُبَرَّ‎ or أُبَرِّ‎ or أُبْرَرْ‎ ʔubarra or ʔubarri or ʔubrar	تُبَرَّ‎ or تُبَرِّ‎ or تُبْرَرْ‎ tubarra or tubarri or tubrar	يُبَرَّ‎ or يُبَرِّ‎ or يُبْرَرْ‎ yubarra or yubarri or yubrar		تُبَرَّا‎ tubarrā	يُبَرَّا‎ yubarrā		نُبَرَّ‎ or نُبَرِّ‎ or نُبْرَرْ‎ nubarra or nubarri or nubrar	تُبَرُّوا‎ tubarrū	يُبَرُّوا‎ yubarrū
	f		تُبَرِّي‎ tubarrī	تُبَرَّ‎ or تُبَرِّ‎ or تُبْرَرْ‎ tubarra or tubarri or tubrar			تُبَرَّا‎ tubarrā			تُبْرَرْنَ‎ tubrarna	يُبْرَرْنَ‎ yubrarna

Noun

بِرّ • (birr) m

2. verbal noun of بَرَّ (barra) (form I)
3. faith, godliness, piety
4. respectfulness
5. kindness

Declension

Declension of noun بِرّ (birr)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بِرّ birr	الْبِرّ‎ al-birr	بِرّ birr
Nominative	بِرٌّ birrun	الْبِرُّ‎ al-birru	بِرُّ birru
Accusative	بِرًّا‎ birran	الْبِرَّ‎ al-birra	بِرَّ birra
Genitive	بِرٍّ birrin	الْبِرِّ‎ al-birri	بِرِّ birri

Adjective

بَرّ • (barr) (masculine plural أَبْرَار‎ (ʔabrār))

2. pious

   Synonym: صَالِح‎ (ṣāliḥ, “righteous; godly”)

   Antonym: فَاجِر‎ (fājir, “wicked; sinful, ungodly”)

   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 82:13-14:

     ‏إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ / وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍ‎

     ʔinna al-ʔabrāra lafī naʕīmin / waʔinna l-fujjāra lafī jaḥīmin

     Indeed the pious will be in bliss, and lo, the wicked will be in the fire of hell.

   1. reverent, religious

      Synonyms: تَقِيّ‎ (taqiyy), مُتَّقٍ‎ (muttaqin)

3. kind, benevolent

   Synonym: مُحْسِن‎ (muḥsin)

4. respectful
5. true, sincere

   Synonym: مُخْلِص‎ (muḵliṣ)

Declension

Declension of adjective بَرّ (barr)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	بَرّ barr	الْبَرّ‎ al-barr	بَرَّة‎ barra	الْبَرَّة‎ al-barra
Nominative	بَرٌّ barrun	الْبَرُّ‎ al-barru	بَرَّةٌ‎ barratun	الْبَرَّةُ‎ al-barratu
Accusative	بَرًّا‎ barran	الْبَرَّ‎ al-barra	بَرَّةً‎ barratan	الْبَرَّةَ‎ al-barrata
Genitive	بَرٍّ barrin	الْبَرِّ‎ al-barri	بَرَّةٍ‎ barratin	الْبَرَّةِ‎ al-barrati
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	بَرَّيْن‎ barrayn	الْبَرَّيْن‎ al-barrayn	بَرَّتَيْن‎ barratayn	الْبَرَّتَيْن‎ al-barratayn
Nominative	بَرَّانِ‎ barrāni	الْبَرَّانِ‎ al-barrāni	بَرَّتَانِ‎ barratāni	الْبَرَّتَانِ‎ al-barratāni
Accusative	بَرَّيْنِ‎ barrayni	الْبَرَّيْنِ‎ al-barrayni	بَرَّتَيْنِ‎ barratayni	الْبَرَّتَيْنِ‎ al-barratayni
Genitive	بَرَّيْنِ‎ barrayni	الْبَرَّيْنِ‎ al-barrayni	بَرَّتَيْنِ‎ barratayni	الْبَرَّتَيْنِ‎ al-barratayni
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	أَبْرَار‎ ʔabrār	الْأَبْرَار‎ al-ʔabrār	بَرَّات‎ barrāt	الْبَرَّات‎ al-barrāt
Nominative	أَبْرَارٌ‎ ʔabrārun	الْأَبْرَارُ‎ al-ʔabrāru	بَرَّاتٌ‎ barrātun	الْبَرَّاتُ‎ al-barrātu
Accusative	أَبْرَارًا‎ ʔabrāran	الْأَبْرَارَ‎ al-ʔabrāra	بَرَّاتٍ‎ barrātin	الْبَرَّاتِ‎ al-barrāti
Genitive	أَبْرَارٍ‎ ʔabrārin	الْأَبْرَارِ‎ al-ʔabrāri	بَرَّاتٍ‎ barrātin	الْبَرَّاتِ‎ al-barrāti

Etymology 2

Verb

بُرْ • (bur) (form I)

1. second-person masculine singular active imperative of بَارَ‎ (bāra)

Etymology 3

بُرّ

Probably one of the words Yemenite expatriates picked up in the Byzantine Empire, from Ancient Greek πυρός (purós), similar to فِرْسِك‎ (firsik, “peach”), if it is correct that one has to posit for Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥ a meaning “spelt”. Another word for spelt or dinkel wheat is borrowed from Ancient Greek: خَنْدَرُوس‎ (ḵandarūs).

The similar Hebrew בָּר‎ (bār, “grain, corn”) may be instead from the same derivation as the etymon of بَزْر‎ (bazr, “seed”). The similarity to Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) is also likely a coincidence.

Noun

بُرّ • (burr) m (collective, singulative بُرَّة‎ f (burra), plural أَبْرَار‎ (ʔabrār))

2. (now South Ḥijāz, Yemen, Ẓufār) wheat

   Synonyms: حِنْطَة‎ (ḥinṭa), قَمْح‎ (qamḥ), طَعَام‎ (ṭaʕām), غَلَّة‎ (ḡalla)

   • c. 950, أبو دلف مسعر بن مهلهل [ʔAbū Dulaf Misʕar Ibn Muhalhal], edited by Kurd von Schlözer, De itinere Asiatico commentarium‎^[1], published 1845 ^{WC GB}, pages 18–19:

     ‏فخرجت إلى الساحل أربد بكلة وهذا أول الهند ومنتهى مسير المراكب لا يتهيّأ لها أن يتجاوزها وألا غرقت قال فلما وصلت إلى كلة رأيته وهي عظيمة عالية السور كثيرة البساتين غزيرة الماء ووجدت بها معدن الرصاص القلعي لا يكون إلا في قلعتها في سائر الدنيا، وفي هذه القلعة تضرب السيوف القلعية، وهي الهندية العتيقة … وأهل هذه القلعة يمتنعون على ملكها إذا أرادوا يطيعونه إن أحبوا ورسمهم رسم الصين في ترك الذبائح وليس في جميع الدنيا معدن الرصاص القلعي إلا في هذه القلعة وبينهما وبين الصين ثلثمائة فرسخ وحولها مدن ورساتيق وقرى ولهم أحكام وحبوس وخبايات وأكلهم البر والتمور وبقولهم كلها تباع وزنا وأرغفة خبزهم تباع عددا ولا حمامات لهم بل عندهم عين جارية يغتسلون فيها ودرهمهم يزن ثلثي درهم ويعرف بالفهري ولهم فلوس يتعاملون بها ويلبسون كأهل الصين الإفرند الصيني المثمن وملكها دون ملك الصين ويخطب لملك الصين وقبلته إليه وبيت عبادته له.‎‎

     And I went off to the dusty shore of Kala, which is the first and ultimate end of India for vessels, as nobody even dares to imagine to pass by it since he would drown. When I arrived at Kala, I conned it and it is large and has high walls, many gardens and plenty of water, and I found mines of tin not found in the rest of the world but in Qalʕa, and in this Qalʕa one forges the Qalʕaite swords, the excellent Indian ones, and the populace of this Qalʕa withstands its king when it wants and abides by him when it lists, and their tradition is like the tradition of China, refraining from slaughtering beasts, and there aren’t in all the world tin mines but in this Qalʕa, and between them two and China are three-hundred parasang, and there are towns, rural districts and villages, and they have jurisdiction, jails, and corbans, and their food is wheat and dates and all their vegetables they buy by scales, and their bread is bread-rolls they buy by count. They have no baths but a running spring in which they wash, and their dirham weighs as a third-dirham and is known as Fahrī, and they have fulūs with which they commerce, and they dress like the people of China in dear Chinese silks, and their king is subordinate to the King of China, reports to the King of China, his praying direction is to him, his place of sacrifice is towards him.

   • a. 1635, علي بن برهان الدين الحلبي‎, “باب شهوده حلف الفضول”, in Sīra Ḥalabiyya:

     ‏فاتفق أن أمية بن أبي الصلت مر على بني عبد المدان، فرأى طعامهم لباب البر والشهد.‎‎

     There has been agreement that Umayya ibn Abī s-Salt passed by the Banū ʕabd al-Madān and he saw that they ate pulp of wheat and honey.

Declension

Declension of noun بُرّ (burr)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرّ burr	الْبُرّ‎ al-burr	بُرّ burr
Nominative	بُرٌّ burrun	الْبُرُّ‎ al-burru	بُرُّ burru
Accusative	بُرًّا‎ burran	الْبُرَّ‎ al-burra	بُرَّ burra
Genitive	بُرٍّ burrin	الْبُرِّ‎ al-burri	بُرِّ burri
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرَّة‎ burra	الْبُرَّة‎ al-burra	بُرَّة‎ burrat
Nominative	بُرَّةٌ‎ burratun	الْبُرَّةُ‎ al-burratu	بُرَّةُ‎ burratu
Accusative	بُرَّةً‎ burratan	الْبُرَّةَ‎ al-burrata	بُرَّةَ‎ burrata
Genitive	بُرَّةٍ‎ burratin	الْبُرَّةِ‎ al-burrati	بُرَّةِ‎ burrati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرَّتَيْن‎ burratayn	الْبُرَّتَيْن‎ al-burratayn	بُرَّتَيْ‎ burratay
Nominative	بُرَّتَانِ‎ burratāni	الْبُرَّتَانِ‎ al-burratāni	بُرَّتَا‎ burratā
Accusative	بُرَّتَيْنِ‎ burratayni	الْبُرَّتَيْنِ‎ al-burratayni	بُرَّتَيْ‎ burratay
Genitive	بُرَّتَيْنِ‎ burratayni	الْبُرَّتَيْنِ‎ al-burratayni	بُرَّتَيْ‎ burratay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرَّات‎ burrāt	الْبُرَّات‎ al-burrāt	بُرَّات‎ burrāt
Nominative	بُرَّاتٌ‎ burrātun	الْبُرَّاتُ‎ al-burrātu	بُرَّاتُ‎ burrātu
Accusative	بُرَّاتٍ‎ burrātin	الْبُرَّاتِ‎ al-burrāti	بُرَّاتِ‎ burrāti
Genitive	بُرَّاتٍ‎ burrātin	الْبُرَّاتِ‎ al-burrāti	بُرَّاتِ‎ burrāti
Plural of variety	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَبْرَار‎ ʔabrār	الْأَبْرَار‎ al-ʔabrār	أَبْرَار‎ ʔabrār
Nominative	أَبْرَارٌ‎ ʔabrārun	الْأَبْرَارُ‎ al-ʔabrāru	أَبْرَارُ‎ ʔabrāru
Accusative	أَبْرَارًا‎ ʔabrāran	الْأَبْرَارَ‎ al-ʔabrāra	أَبْرَارَ‎ ʔabrāra
Genitive	أَبْرَارٍ‎ ʔabrārin	الْأَبْرَارِ‎ al-ʔabrāri	أَبْرَارِ‎ ʔabrāri

Bulgar

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bar-.

Verb

بَر (bar)

1. (Volga Bulgar) to go

Derived terms

• بَرسَ‎ (barsa, “go (verbal adverb)”)

Descendants

• Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

References

• A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas, page 155 [2]

Old Anatolian Turkish

Alternative forms

• بیر‎ (bir)

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

Article

بر (bir)

1. a, an

Numeral

بر (bir)

1. one (1)

Descendants

• Azerbaijani: bir
• Gagauz: bir
• Ottoman Turkish: بر‎ (bir), պիր (bir)
  • Turkish: bir

Ottoman Turkish

Ottoman Turkish cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : بر (bir)     Ordinal : برنجی‎ (birinci)     Distributive : برر‎ (birer)

Alternative forms

• պիր (bir) — Armeno-Turkish

Etymology

From Old Anatolian Turkish بر‎ (“one”), from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

Article

بر • (bir)

1. a, an

Numeral

بر • (bir)

1. one (1)

Descendants

• Turkish: bir

Persian

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [baɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [bæɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	bar
Dari reading?	bar
Iranian reading?	bar
Tajik reading?	bar

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭣𐭬‎ (mdm /⁠abar⁠/, “up; on, over”).

Alternative forms

• ابر‎ (abar)

Preposition

Dari	بر
Iranian Persian
Tajik	бар

بر • (bar)

1. on
2. upon
3. onto

Etymology 2

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wl /⁠war⁠/, “breast”).

Noun

بر • (bar)

1. chest
2. side

Etymology 3

From Middle Persian [script needed] (bl /⁠bar⁠/, “fruit, produce, profit”).

Noun

بر • (bar)

1. (archaic) fruit

Derived terms

• برخوردار‎ (barxordâr)
• نوبر‎ (nowbar)

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), “bar”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 17.

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bæɾ/
• Rhymes: -ar

Verb

بر • (bar)

1. present stem form of بردن‎ (bordan)

Derived terms

• دلبر‎ (delbar, “beloved”)
• سفربر‎ (safarbar, “who undertakes a journey, ready to travel”)

Further reading

• Vullers, Johann August (1855), “بر”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum (in Latin), volume I, Bonn: Adolf Marcus, pages 207–208