gelo

See also: gelò and gêlo

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central) [ˈʒɛ.lu]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [ˈʒɛ.lo]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈd͡ʒɛ.lo]

Verb

gelo

1. first-person singular present indicative of gelar

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin gelu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡelo/
• Rhymes: -elo
• Syllabification: ge‧lo

Noun

gelo (accusative singular gelon, plural geloj, accusative plural gelojn)

1. (weather) frost

   Synonym: frosto

Further reading

• “gelo”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒɛ.lo/
• Rhymes: -ɛlo
• Hyphenation: gè‧lo

Etymology 1

From Latin gelū (“frost, chill”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).

Alternative forms

• gielo (archaic, dialectal)

Noun

gelo m (plural geli)

1. intense cold
2. frost
3. cold weather
4. icy water
5. coldness (lack of enthusiasm etc.)

Related terms

• gelare
• gelata
• gelato
• gelicidio
• gelido

Descendants

• → Neapolitan: gelo

Etymology 2

Form of the verb gelare (“to freeze, chill”)

Verb

gelo

1. first-person singular present indicative of gelare

Anagrams

• gole, lego, legò

Latin

Etymology

From gelū (“frost”) +‎ -ō, from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Alternatively, given the lack of -u- in the verb, it may be built on the second-declension collateral form gelum, rare but attested in Varro and Lucretius.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɡɛ.ɫoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈd͡ʒɛː.lo]

Verb

gelō (present infinitive gelāre, perfect active gelāvī, supine gelātum); first conjugation

1. to freeze, cause to congeal
2. to frighten, petrify, cause to become rigid with fright

Conjugation

   Conjugation of gelō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	gelō		gelās		gelat		gelāmus		gelātis		gelant
	imperfect	gelābam		gelābās		gelābat		gelābāmus		gelābātis		gelābant
	future	gelābō		gelābis		gelābit		gelābimus		gelābitis		gelābunt
	perfect	gelāvī		gelāvistī		gelāvit		gelāvimus		gelāvistis		gelāvērunt, gelāvēre
	pluperfect	gelāveram		gelāverās		gelāverat		gelāverāmus		gelāverātis		gelāverant
	future perfect	gelāverō		gelāveris		gelāverit		gelāverimus		gelāveritis		gelāverint
passive	present	gelor		gelāris, gelāre		gelātur		gelāmur		gelāminī		gelantur
	imperfect	gelābar		gelābāris, gelābāre		gelābātur		gelābāmur		gelābāminī		gelābantur
	future	gelābor		gelāberis, gelābere		gelābitur		gelābimur		gelābiminī		gelābuntur
	perfect	gelātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	gelātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	gelātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	gelem		gelēs		gelet		gelēmus		gelētis		gelent
	imperfect	gelārem		gelārēs		gelāret		gelārēmus		gelārētis		gelārent
	perfect	gelāverim		gelāverīs		gelāverit		gelāverīmus		gelāverītis		gelāverint
	pluperfect	gelāvissem		gelāvissēs		gelāvisset		gelāvissēmus		gelāvissētis		gelāvissent
passive	present	geler		gelēris, gelēre		gelētur		gelēmur		gelēminī		gelentur
	imperfect	gelārer		gelārēris, gelārēre		gelārētur		gelārēmur		gelārēminī		gelārentur
	perfect	gelātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	gelātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		gelā		—		—		gelāte		—
	future	—		gelātō		gelātō		—		gelātōte		gelantō
passive	present	—		gelāre		—		—		gelāminī		—
	future	—		gelātor		gelātor		—		—		gelantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		gelāre			gelārī			gelāns			—
future		gelātūrum esse			gelātum īrī			gelātūrus			gelandus
perfect		gelāvisse			gelātum esse			—			gelātus
future perfect		—			gelātum fore			—			—
perfect potential		gelātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		gelandī		gelandō		gelandum		gelandō		gelātum		gelātū

Derived terms

• congelō
• regelō

Descendants

• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: gelare
    • → Neapolitan: gelà
  • Neapolitan: jelare
  • Sicilian: jilari
• Padanian:
  • Emilian: żlèr, zlar, zler
  • Lombard: zelar, zerar, zlar, zler, gelar, gerar
  • Ligurian: zeâ, zerâ, zrê
  • Piedmontese: geilé, g-ré, gelé, zlé, azlà
  • Romagnol: zler
  • Romansh: schelar
  • Venetan: xełar, gełar
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: gelar
  • Franco-Provençal: gelar
  • Old French: geler
    • French: geler
    • Norman: g'ler, g'laïr (Guernsey)
    • Walloon: djaler
    • → Middle English: gelen, gellyn
      • English: geal
      • Scots: geal, jeel
  • Occitan: gelar
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Aragonese: chelar
  • Asturian: xelar
  • Extremaduran: gelal
  • Galician: xear
  • Ladino: yelar
  • Portuguese: gear
  • Spanish: helar
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: gelare, zelare
• Borrowings:
  • → English: gelate
  • → Portuguese: gelar (learned)
    • Guinea-Bissau Creole: djela

See also

• glaciō

References

• “gelo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “gelo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “gelo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 256

Neapolitan

Alternative forms

• jélo

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian gelo, from Latin gelū. The alternative form above represents the native Neapolitan outcome.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒɛlə/

Noun

gelo m (plural [please provide])

1. frost (on the vegetation especially)
2. cold (relatively intense cold)

References

• AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 383: “il gelo” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *gelu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, whence also Old English geolu.

Adjective

gelo

1. yellow

Descendants

• Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
  • Alemannic German:
    • Alsatian: gahl, gäl

    Swabian: geal

  • Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
  • Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
  • German: gelb; gehl (regional)

    → Hunsrik: gelleb, kelep

  • Luxembourgish: giel
  • Pennsylvania German: gehl
  • Vilamovian: gaoł
  • Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• gelu

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gelu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz.

Cognate with Old English geolu.

Adjective

gelo

1. yellow

Declension

Declension of gelo

Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative	gelo	gelo	gelo	gelwe	gelwu	gelwe
accusative	gelwana	gelo	gelwa	gelwe	gelwu	gelwe
genitive	gelwes	gelwes	gelwaro	gelwarō	gelwarō	gelwarō
dative	gelwumu	gelwumu	gelwaro	gelwum	gelwum	gelwum
Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative	gelwo	gelwa	gelwa	gelwu
accusative	gelwun	gelwa	gelwun	gelwun
genitive	gelwun	gelwun	gelwun	gelwonō
dative	gelwun	gelwun	gelwun	gelwum

Descendants

• Middle Low German: gēl
  • Low German:
    • Dutch Low Saxon: gael, gel
    • German Low German: gel, geel, gęl, gäl

      Hamburgisch: geel

    • Westphalian:

      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial

      Lippisch: gäll

      Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl

      Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell

    • East Low German

      Mecklenburg-Vorpommersch: gäl

      Märkisch: gēl

  • Plautdietsch: jäl

Old Spanish

Alternative forms

• ge lo

Etymology

From earlier *elielo, with a loss of initial /e/ and /lj/ fricatizing to /ʒ/, from Latin illī illum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒelo/

Contraction

gelo

1. contraction of le m or f by sense (“it”, dative, literally “to it”) +‎ lo m (“it”, accusative)

   daregelo he ― I will give it to him

Descendants

• Ladino: se lo
• Spanish: se lo

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese gelo, borrowed from Latin gelū, from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Displaced the inherited Old Portuguese geo.

Alternative forms

• gêlo (pre-reform spelling or misspelling)

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʒe.lu/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʒe.lu/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʒe.lo/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʒe.lu/

• Audio (Northern Portugal):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -elu
• Hyphenation: ge‧lo

Noun

gelo m (plural gelos)

1. (uncountable) ice (frozen water)
2. a cube or chunk of ice
3. (informal) coldness; cold (low temperature)

   Synonym: frio

4. (figurative) chill (a sudden sense of fear or anxiety)
5. (figurative) coldness (lack of emotion)

   Synonym: frieza

6. (figurative) a very cool place

Derived terms

• gelinho (diminutive)
• gelo seco
• gelozinho (diminutive)

Related terms

• congelado
• congelamento
• congelar
• degelar
• degelo
• geada
• gear
• geladinho
• gelado
• gelar

Descendants

• Guinea-Bissau Creole: djelu
• Kabuverdianu: gelu
• → Konkani:

  Devanagari script: झेल (jhel)

  Latin script: jhel

  Kannada script: ಝೆಲ್ (jhel)

Adjective

gelo (invariable)

1. whose colour is a shade of white like that of ice

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɛ.lu/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɛ.lu/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɛ.lo/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɛ.lu/

• Rhymes: -ɛlu
• Hyphenation: ge‧lo

Verb

gelo

1. first-person singular present indicative of gelar

Further reading

• “gelo”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “gelo”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026