muru

See also: Appendix:Variations of "muru"

Languages (23)

English

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Bola • Darkinjung • Dharug • Estonian • Fala • Finnish • Gamilaraay • Ingrian • Karelian • Makhuwa-Meetto • Makhuwa-Shirima • Malawi Lomwe • Michoacán Mazahua • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Sardinian • Sicilian • Swahili • Takwane • Veps • Votic • Yagara

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Page categories

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Māoribor.

English muru

Borrowed from Māori.

Noun

muru

1. (New Zealand) An act of retaliatory theft among the Maori.

See also

• murumuru

Anagrams

• Urum

Bola

Pronoun

muru

1. (pronominal clitic) dual second person

See also

Bola personal pronouns

Number	Person		Free	Subject proclitic	Object Suffix	Oblique
Singular	1st		iau	a	free pronoun	nau
	2nd		ioe	o		vomu
	3rd		ia	i	-a	vona
Dual	1st	Exclusive	maria	miri	free pronoun	ne + free pronoun
		Inclusive	tarua	tu
	2nd		marua	muru
	3rd		rua	ru
Paucal	1st	Exclusive	mateu	mete
		Inclusive	teu	te
	2nd		matou	moto
	3rd		tou	to
Plural	1st	Exclusive	mia	mi
		Inclusive	hita	si
	2nd		mua	mu
	3rd		ria	ri

References

• René van den Berg and Brent Wiebe, Bola Grammar Sketch, p. 54

Darkinjung

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mʊɹʊ/

Noun

muru

1. pathway

Dharug

Noun

muru

1. path, road, way

Derived terms

• bamuru (“grass”)
• dumuru (“short, low”)
• Murubara (given name)
• murul (“sand, dust”)
• ngamuru (“compass”)
• yan muru yan! (“get away!”)

References

• Troy, Jakelin (2019) [1994], The Sydney Language‎^[1], 2nd edition, Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press, →ISBN, page 73

Estonian

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Finnic *muro, compare dialectal Finnish muro (“chickweed”), Võro muro, moro. Compare Proto-Slavic *murava (“sward”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuru/, [ˈmuru]

Noun

muru (genitive muru, partitive muru)

1. lawn
2. grass

Declension

Declension of muru (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		muru	murud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	muru
genitive			murude
partitive		muru	murusid
illative		murru murusse	murudesse
inessive		murus	murudes
elative		murust	murudest
allative		murule	murudele
adessive		murul	murudel
ablative		murult	murudelt
translative		muruks	murudeks
terminative		muruni	murudeni
essive		muruna	murudena
abessive		muruta	murudeta
comitative		muruga	murudega

Further reading

• “muru”, in [PSV] Eesti keele põhisõnavara sõnastik [Dictionary of Estonian Basic Vocabulary] (in Estonian) (online version, not updated), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2014
• “muru”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
• “muru”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
• muru in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

Fala

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese muro, from Latin murus, from Latin *moerus, *moiros, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to fix, to build fortifications or fences, strengthen”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾu/
• Rhymes: -uɾu
• Syllabification: mu‧ru

Noun

muru m (plural murus)

1. wall

References

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[2], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 207

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *muru. Equivalent to mur- +‎ -u, from the same root as murea and murtaa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuru/, [ˈmuru]
• Rhymes: -uru
• Syllabification^(key): mu‧ru
• Hyphenation^(key): mu‧ru

Noun

muru

1. crumb (small piece)
   1. a very small amount (of something); a jot, an iota, a trifle, a modicum

      Synonyms: hitunen, hiven, kipene, murunen, rahtu, rahtunen

2. (colloquial) honey (term of affection)

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:kultanen

Declension

Inflection of muru (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative		muru	murut
genitive		murun	murujen
partitive		murua	muruja
illative		muruun	muruihin
		singular	plural
nominative		muru	murut
accusative	nom.	muru	murut
	gen.	murun
genitive		murun	murujen
partitive		murua	muruja
inessive		murussa	muruissa
elative		murusta	muruista
illative		muruun	muruihin
adessive		murulla	muruilla
ablative		murulta	muruilta
allative		murulle	muruille
essive		muruna	muruina
translative		muruksi	muruiksi
abessive		murutta	muruitta
instructive		—	muruin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of muru (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative muruni muruni accusative nom. muruni muruni gen. muruni genitive muruni murujeni partitive muruani murujani inessive murussani muruissani elative murustani muruistani illative muruuni muruihini adessive murullani muruillani ablative murultani muruiltani allative murulleni muruilleni essive murunani muruinani translative murukseni muruikseni abessive muruttani muruittani instructive — — comitative — muruineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative murusi murusi accusative nom. murusi murusi gen. murusi genitive murusi murujesi partitive muruasi murujasi inessive murussasi muruissasi elative murustasi muruistasi illative muruusi muruihisi adessive murullasi muruillasi ablative murultasi muruiltasi allative murullesi muruillesi essive murunasi muruinasi translative muruksesi muruiksesi abessive muruttasi muruittasi instructive — — comitative — muruinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative murumme murumme accusative nom. murumme murumme gen. murumme genitive murumme murujemme partitive muruamme murujamme inessive murussamme muruissamme elative murustamme muruistamme illative muruumme muruihimme adessive murullamme muruillamme ablative murultamme muruiltamme allative murullemme muruillemme essive murunamme muruinamme translative muruksemme muruiksemme abessive muruttamme muruittamme instructive — — comitative — muruinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative murunne murunne accusative nom. murunne murunne gen. murunne genitive murunne murujenne partitive muruanne murujanne inessive murussanne muruissanne elative murustanne muruistanne illative muruunne muruihinne adessive murullanne muruillanne ablative murultanne muruiltanne allative murullenne muruillenne essive murunanne muruinanne translative muruksenne muruiksenne abessive muruttanne muruittanne instructive — — comitative — muruinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative murunsa murunsa accusative nom. murunsa murunsa gen. murunsa genitive murunsa murujensa partitive muruaan muruansa murujaan murujansa inessive murussaan murussansa muruissaan muruissansa elative murustaan murustansa muruistaan muruistansa illative muruunsa muruihinsa adessive murullaan murullansa muruillaan muruillansa ablative murultaan murultansa muruiltaan muruiltansa allative murulleen murullensa muruilleen muruillensa essive murunaan murunansa muruinaan muruinansa translative murukseen muruksensa muruikseen muruiksensa abessive muruttaan muruttansa muruittaan muruittansa instructive — — comitative — muruineen muruinensa

Derived terms

• murikka
• muro
• muruinen
• murunen
• murustaa

compounds

• jäkälämuru
• keksimuru
• keksinmuru
• kivenmuru
• kullanmuru
• leivänmuru
• murukahvi
• murukoloinen
• murupolku
• tiedonmuru

Related terms

• muren
• murentaa
• murentua
• murtua

Further reading

• “muru”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 1 July 2023

Gamilaraay

Noun

muru

1. nose

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *muru, equivalent to murtaa (“to break”) +‎ -u. Cognates include Finnish muru and Estonian muru.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈmuru/, [ˈmuruˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈmuru/, [ˈmuruˑ]
• Rhymes: -uru
• Hyphenation: mu‧ru

Noun

muru

1. crumb
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 10:

     Noistii joka päivä viskoima[a] lavvan päälle muruja, kovasija ja jyvijä.

     They began to throw crumbs, crusts and grain onto the board every day.

2. short for maitomuru (“tyurya”)

Declension

Declension of muru (type 4/koivu, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	muru	murut
genitive	murun	murruin, muruloin
partitive	murrua	muruja, muruloja
illative	murruu	murrui, muruloihe
inessive	murus	muruis, murulois
elative	murust	muruist, muruloist
allative	murulle	muruille, muruloille
adessive	murul	muruil, muruloil
ablative	murult	muruilt, muruloilt
translative	muruks	muruiks, muruloiks
essive	murunna, murruun	muruinna, muruloinna, murruin, muruloin
exessive1)	murunt	muruint, muruloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Synonyms

• (crumb): muro

Derived terms

• (diminutive) muruin, murukkain

• maitomuru

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 320

Karelian

Regional variants of muru

North Karelian (Viena)	muru
South Karelian (Tver)	muru

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *muru. Cognates include Finnish muru and Veps muru

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuru/
• Hyphenation: mu‧ru

Noun

muru (genitive murun, partitive muruo, diminutive muruni / murune)

1. crumb

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of muru (type 1/tyttö, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	muru	murut
genitive	murun	murujen
partitive	muruo	muruja
illative	muruh	muruloih
inessive	murušša	muruloissa
elative	murušta	muruloista
adessive	murulla	muruloilla
ablative	murulta	muruloilta
translative	murukši	muruloiksi
essive	muruna	muruloina
comitative	—	muruloineh
abessive	murutta	muruloitta
prolative	—	—
instructive	—	muruloin

Tver Karelian declension of muru (type 1/tyttö no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	muru	murut
genitive	murun	muruloin
partitive	muruo	muruloida
illative	muruh	muruloih
inessive	murušša	muruloissa
elative	murušta	muruloista
adessive	murulla	muruloilla
ablative	murulda	muruloilda
translative	murukši	muruloiksi
essive	muruna	muruloina
comitative	murunke	muruloinke
abessive	murutta	muruloitta
prolative	muručč	muruloičči
instructive	—	muruloin

Possessive forms of muru
1st person	muruni
2nd person	muruš
3rd person	muruh
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994), “muru”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• P. Zaykov; L. Rugoyeva (1999), “muru”, in Карельско-Русский словарь (Северно-Карельские диалекты) [Karelian-Russian dictionary (North Karelian dialects)], Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 110

Makhuwa-Meetto

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀tʊ́è (“head”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *-túi (“head”).

Noun

muru class 3 (plural miuru or myuru)

1. head (body part)

References

• Alaudino J. R. Campos et al. (2009), Vocabulário de eMakhuwa eMeeto [Vocabulary of Emeetto]‎^[4], Nampula: SIL Mozambique, pages 16, 86
• The Word for The World International and Makua Language translators, Makua Bible Version, Nayohana 19:30, Upatakulhelhiya 17:9
• Wycliffe Bible Translators, Nleehano Nonaanano Imeetto, 20201 - Yohani 19:30 Wiicoonihera 17:9

Makhuwa-Shirima

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀tʊ́è (“head”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *-túi (“head”).

Noun

muru class 3 (plural nyuru)

1. head (body part)

References

• Christelike Lektuurmaatskappy NPC, Emakhuwa Bible, 2021 - Yohaane 19:30, Ethupulo 17:9

Malawi Lomwe

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀tʊ́è (“head”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *-túi (“head”).

Noun

muru class 3

1. head (body part)

References

• Bible Society of Malawi, Mawu a Mulluku, 2019 - Mariko 6

Michoacán Mazahua

Noun

muru

1. egg

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• murru (Trøndelag)

Etymology

Metaphony of Old Norse mǫru, oblique singular forms of mara. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *marǭ, whence also modern English mare (“evil spirit”).

Noun

muru f (definite singular murua or (obsolete) muro, indefinite plural murur, definite plural murune)

1. (dialectal or nonstandard since 1917) alternative form of mare (“evil spirit”)
   • 1954, Lars M. Fjellstad, “Murua”, in Haugfolk og trollskap, page 18:

     Murua var atterganger etter ugifte kvinnfolk som ikkje hadde hatt mann, sa dei gamle[.]

     The mare[s were] the ghost[s] of unmarried womenfolk which never had had a man, said the old ones.

   • 1918, Gamalt fraa Numedal, volume 3, Gunleikson, page 24:

     Krøteri var ute for muro, dei med.

     Even the cattle were exposed to the mare-wight.

Usage notes

• This form was the standard form allowed under the scarcely used Midlandsnormalen of 1901, alongside maru. It had the inflected forms muro, murur and murune, in the definite singular, indefinite plural and definite plural respectively. These forms faded into oblivion and were definitely defunct by the spelling reform of 1917.

Polish

Etymology

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmu.ru/
• Rhymes: -uru
• Syllabification: mu‧ru

Noun

muru m inan

1. genitive singular of mur

Sardinian

Etymology

From Latin mūrus. Compare Italian muro.

Noun

muru

1. wall

Sicilian

Etymology

From Latin mūrus. Compare Italian muro.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾu/
• Hyphenation: mù‧ru

Noun

muru m (plural muri or mura)

1. wall

Swahili

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic [Term?].

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

muru class IX (plural muru class X)

1. stomach medicine

Takwane

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀tʊ́è (“head”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *-túi (“head”).

Noun

muru class 3 (plural miru)

1. head (body part)

References

• Wycliffe Bible Translators, Takwane, 2015 - Zhuwawu 19:30, Ovuhulela 17:9

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *muru.

Noun

muru

1. crumb
2. bit, small piece

Inflection

Inflection of muru (inflection type 1/ilo)
nominative sing.	muru
genitive sing.	murun
partitive sing.	murud
partitive plur.	muruid
	singular	plural
nominative	muru	murud
accusative	murun	murud
genitive	murun	muruiden
partitive	murud	muruid
essive-instructive	murun	muruin
translative	muruks	muruikš
inessive	murus	muruiš
elative	muruspäi	muruišpäi
illative	muruhu	muruihe
adessive	murul	muruil
ablative	murulpäi	muruilpäi
allative	murule	muruile
abessive	muruta	muruita
comitative	murunke	muruidenke
prolative	murudme	muruidme
approximative I	murunno	muruidenno
approximative II	murunnoks	muruidennoks
egressive	murunnopäi	muruidennopäi
terminative I	muruhusai	muruihesai
terminative II	murulesai	muruilesai
terminative III	murussai	—
additive I	muruhupäi	muruihepäi
additive II	murulepäi	muruilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “крошка”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[5], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *muru.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈmuru/, [ˈmuru]
• Rhymes: -uru
• Hyphenation: mu‧ru

Noun

muru

1. small piece, bit, morsel
2. crumb
3. sop, milksop (bread sopped in water or milk)
4. (figuratively) (not) one bit

Inflection

Declension of muru (type II/võrkko, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	muru	murud
genitive	muru	murujõ
partitive	murrua	muruit
illative	murusõ, murru	muruisõ
inessive	muruz	muruiz
elative	muruss	muruiss
allative	murullõ	muruillõ
adessive	murull	muruill
ablative	murult	muruilt
translative	murussi	muruissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. For dialectal differences between case endings, see Appendix:Votic dialects.

References

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “muru”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[6], 2nd edition, Tallinn

Yagara

Noun

muru

1. alternative form of muro

References

• State Library of Queensland, Indigenous Language Wordlists Yugarabul Body Parts.